اسلامی ریاست میں داخلی استحکام کے لیے مرکز اور صوبوں کے تعلقات

There is a dire need of an experienced and authoritative mechanism in the polity of Islām in order to run the affairs of the state in a benefiting manner. This mechanism divides the state into different regions and provinces so as to carry out the affairs of the state in an organized way. These provinces must be founded on some administrative basis, not on racial, lingual or regional grounds. It is necessary that these units are autonomous as far as authority and power is concerned. It will help eradicate parochial differences and strengthen integrity of a country. It is essential to keep up and safeguard the freedom and the rights of these units. We can get our desired objectives, if legal and constitutional safeguards are meted out to these administrative units of the state. According to ‘Allāmah Ibn Khaldūn’s point of view, it is imperative to strengthen a state instead of expanding it. There must be small but integrated autonomous units of the state. Such division helps these units to progress and prosper. The golden principle of power distribution is in vogue in all eras, although its structure has been different and varied. In this article, we are going to view the structure of distribution in the perspective in an Islamic state

An Analysis of Knowledge, Skills and Attitude of Vegetable Growers Regarding Pesticide Use for Sustainable Environmental Health in the Punjab, Pakistan

Pakistan’s environment is favorable for pest population growth. Among all crops, vegetables are more vulnerable to the attack of a number of pests. Most of the vegetable crops are sprayed on daily basis and pose a serious threat to humans and environment. In the same context, the present study was designed to analyze the knowledge, skills and attitude of vegetable growers for identification and prioritization of training needs regarding pesticide use for sustainable environmental health and to suggest remedies for the betterment of prevailing situation. Population of study was potato growers in two districts (i.e. Jhang and Okara) which were selected purposely because of top potato growing districts in the Punjab. Two tehsils (Dapalpur and Chinot), one from each district was selected randomly. Sampling frame was constructed by enlisting all potato growers residing in the tehsils and a sample of 367 growers was selected. Data were collected through personal interviews with the help of validated research instrument. Main findings of the study indicate that most of the respondents had attained some level of formal education and had mean age 42.31 years. Overall knowledge of the respondents regarding most of the aspects of pesticide use was poor. On the average, the respondents’ skills regarding different aspect of pesticide use rated between poor to satisfactory level. The attitude of the respondents was towards using excessive pesticide to control pests. Thus, their attitude was more towards causing environment and health hazards. Majority of the practices of the respondents were posing risks to humans’ health and environment because they were using heavy doses and high risk pesticides to control pests, with out getting advice from the pest consultants or the personnel from the agricultural extension department. On the basis of overall possessed knowledge of the respondents, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of ill health effects recognition. On the basis of overall possessed skill level, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of maintenance of pesticide applicator. The respondents also gave their preferences for different aspects of training program to be arranged in future on the basis of training needs assessed in different aspects of pesticide use for sustainable environment health.