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Developing a Sindhi Computational Resource Grammar in Lexical Functional Grammar Framework

Thesis Info

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Author

Rahman, Mutee U

Program

PhD

Institute

Isra University

City

Hyderabad

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10182/1/PhD%20Thesis%20%28Mutee%20u%20Rahman%29%20.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727730367

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Computational grammar development and deep linguistic analysis provides structural details for natural language understanding by machines. Modern multilingual information processing systems use these details for understanding and processing of information represented in different languages. While work in Sindhi language is focused in the areas like part of speech tagging and machine learning. Sindhi lacks resources like computational grammars and deep linguistic analysis systems. Development of such resources is open research area in computational linguistic and natural language processing domains. This work presents the development of Sindhi language morphology and grammar in Finite State Technology and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) frameworks. The work includes the investigation and identification of morphology and syntax patterns in Sindhi language, development of Sindhi finite state lexicon by modeling of identified morphological patters in LEXC, development of Sindhi LFG by incorporating the finite state lexicon in XLE, and evaluation of developed morphological lexicon and LFG grammar. Various parts of speech of Sindhi language are investigated and their morphological patterns are identified. Nouns are marked by number, gender and case. Ten different cases of nouns are identified namely nominative, accusative, dative, participant, instrumental, locative, ablative, agentive, genitive and vocative. Adjectives are also declined like nouns. Pronouns are declined for number and gender and are marked by nominative, oblique and genitive cases. Generally, adverbs are not inflected but when adjectives used as adverbs they hold the inflectional properties of adjectives. Genitive iv postpositions are inflected and marked by number and gender. Conjunctions and interjections do not inflect. Verbs are most complex part of speech and classified into main, auxiliary, copula and modal verbs. Verbs are conjugated by number and gender and are marked by tense, aspect and mood. Morphological analysis of developed model shows that a verb can have up to 75 different morphological forms in Sindhi. Present, past and future tense patterns along with aspect and mood are analyzed. Aspect in Sindhi can either be perfective or imperfective (continuous and habitual) and can be marked morphologically or syntactically. Many alternative patterns of different aspects exist. Nine different mood patterns are identified including subjunctive, presumptive, imperative, declarative, permissive, prohibitive, capacitive, compulsive and suggestive. Pronominal suffixes in Sindhi may appear on nouns, postpositions and verbs. Pronominal suffixation can possibly cause subject and object pro-drop. Sindhi syntax is analyzed with LFG perspective. Different noun phrase constructions are implemented with coordination patterns including adjective phrases, postpositional phrases, participle phrases, and relative clauses. Genitive case marking patterns along with syntactic agreement are identified and modeled in LFG. Verbal subcategorization frames are defined for different grammatical functions including SUBJ (Subject), OBJ (Object), OBJ2 (Secondary Object), OBL (Oblique), COMP (Complement), XCOMP (Open Complement), and PREDLINK (Predicate link). Phrase and sentence level adjuncts (ADJUNCT) and open adjunct (XADJUNCT) patterns are also identified and implemented in LFG. The developed grammar is tested against two different test suites. First v test suite contains 617 handcrafted sentences in 10 different test files containing sentences with different syntactic features. Second test suite contains real time corpus of two text books of Sindhi class one with 258 sentences. Results show 98.05% and 96.5% parsing percentage of test suite 1 and test suite 2 respectively. Morphology coverage includes 862 stems of different POS classes with total of 10327 inflectional forms. The developed finite state morphology is tested and evaluated against the corpus of 9050 words in terms of coverage, ambiguity, precision, recall and f-measure (F1). The results show 97.8% precision, 96.08% recall and average ambiguity of 1.65 solutions per word with 91.1% coverage. Coverage of different morphological features include number, gender, case, tense, aspect and mood. Syntactic coverage includes nominal elements, coordination, subordination, agreement, verbal subcategorization, tense, aspect and mood. Research and development results include Sindhi part of speech tagset, roman script for Sindhi language, morphological lexicon and LFG grammar of Sindhi. As a side development, a corpus of about 4 million words is also developed. In absence of linguistic resources for Sindhi language, these developments will have signification impact on Sindhi language processing and further research in computational linguistics and related domains.
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مولانا قاضی محمد معین اﷲ ندوی

مولانا قاضی محمد معین اﷲ ندوی
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینے دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے نائب ناظم مولانا قاضی معین اﷲ ندوی اپنے وطن اندور میں انتقال فرماگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی کی سربراہی اور سرپرستی میں ان کے معاصرین کے ندوے جانے کے بعد اس کے علمی، تعلیمی اور انتظامی کاموں کو سنبھالنے کے لیے جو جماعت آگے بڑھی ان میں مولانا قاضی معین اﷲ ندوی کا نام زیادہ ممتاز ہے، ندوہ کے تعلیمی مراحل طے کرنے کے بعد وہ یہیں استاذ مقرر کئے گئے۔ اسی زمانے میں مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی بلاد اسلامیہ کی سیاحت کے لیے نکلے تو ان کے رفقائے سفر میں مولانا معین اﷲ صاحب بھی تھے۔ اس سفر کا انہیں فائدہ ہوا۔ چنانچہ جب ندوہ کے ذمہ داروں کو قدیم نظام تعلیم میں داخل عربی صرف و نحو اور ادب کی کتابوں کے نقائص کا شدت سے احساس ہوا تو انہوں نے نحو و صرف کی فارسی کتب کے بجائے اردو میں سہل کتابوں کی اشاعت کا پروگرام بنایا، اس کے لیے ان کی نظر دارالعلوم کے ان معلمین پر پڑی جو ابتدائی درجوں میں زبان و صرف و نحو کی تعلیم میں مشغول تھے، اس کے علاوہ مصر میں عربی زبان و ادب کی ترقی و اشاعت کے لیے اس کے اصول و قواعد کی از سر نو تدوین اور طرزِ تعلیم میں اصلاح و تجدید کی جو کوششیں ہورہی تھیں اس سے بھی یہ لوگ واقف تھے اس بنا پر ان سے مبتدیوں کی مشق و تمرین کے لیے نحو و صرف اور ادب و انشا کی کتابیں لکھنے کی فرمایش کی گئی۔ مولانا معین اﷲ صاحب نے اس سلسلے کی تکمیل میں تمرین الصرف لکھ کر ہاتھ بٹایا جو جدید طرز پر صرف کی ایک مشقی کتاب ہے۔
مولانا معین اﷲ...

عقیدہ تناسخ اور عہد الست میں فرق کے حوالے سے امام رازی کے موقف کا جائزہ

Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) According to Shariah, there is a second world beyond this physical for reward or punishment of deeds which is known as the Day of Judgment Doomsday.  On this day, the Scale will be set and human actions will be weighed. Consequently, he will deserve either Paradise or hell. Paradise is an abode of perpetual rest and satisfaction whereas hell is a place of humiliation and degradation.  

Development of Energy Management Techniques for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Hev : Three-Wheeler Rickshaw

Environmental challenges and reduction of global crude oil reserves gained the attention of researchers and automobile manufacturers for exploration of novel vehicle technologies. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) established a thought for minimizing the fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Transportation sector consumes about 66% of total oil consumption in the world and 50% of that is utilized by small passenger cars and trucks. The main challenge for the designing of Hybrid Electric Vehicles is the coordination of onboard energy sources and optimal power flow control for both the electrical and the mechanical paths. This requires the utilization of an appropriate control strategy or energy management strategy. Energy management technique is employed, ensuring optimal power sharing between two energy sources (engine and motor) while keeping the battery state of charge in the charge-sustaining mode. On the basis of research, conducted by the industry and the academia, different energy management strategies have been proposed. These strategies can be categorized into non-implementable and implementable energy management strategies, relying on the data required for real time implementation. Normally, the non-implementable strategies formulate the energy management problem as an optimal control problem of minimizing a performance index over a finite time interval under components operational constraints. These strategies are considered as bench mark strategies providing global optimal solution. The implementable strategies have been developed for implementation in real vehicles and provide near optimal solution. The main emphasis of this research is to develop the energy management strategy of HEV (Three Wheeler Auto Rickshaw), as the energy management strategy has a key role in fuel economy and reduction of emissions. By introducing the Dynamic Programming for the evaluation of fuel economy for a particular vehicle provides a bench-mark fuel economy for other energy management strategies. The main contribution of the dissertation is to evaluate the bench-mark fuel economy for parallel hybrid electric rickshaw through dynamic programming. DP is used as a feasible technique for powertrain benchmark analysis. A parallel hybrid electric three-wheeler vehicle is modeled in Matlab/Simulink through forward facing simulator. The DP technique is employed through the backward facing simulator, x ensuring optimal power-sharing between two energy sources (engine and motor) while keeping the battery state of charge in the charge-sustaining mode. The extracted rules from DP forming near-optimal control strategies is playing a vital role in deciding overall fuel consumption. Unlike the DP control actions, these extracted rules are implementable through the forward facing simulator. From the simulation results, it can be concluded that a substantial improvement of fuel economy up to 27% through DP is achieved for HEV (33 Km/liter) in comparison with conventional vehicle (24 Km/liter) and is taken as reference value for other strategies. Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy is also implemented, which shows fuel economy of 31.35 Km/liter showing 5% more fuel consumption than DP. Results also indicate that there is an improvement of about 9% in fuel economy, in comparison with the heuristics based strategy (not conforming to DP rules). The rule-based strategy (rules extracted from DP) is then compared with non-optimal rules based heuristics controller. It is shown that non-optimal rule based controller has 18% more fuel consumption than DP results. The dissertation also narrates a comprehensive comparison of the different proposed energy management strategies. Additionally, an attempt is made to devise and demonstrate Energy Management Strategy (EMS) by giving full consideration to the powertrain using Atkinson cycle engine. A novel energy management strategy based on the vehicle speed for Atkinson cycle engine for HEV is proposed. The proposed EMS with Atkinson cycle engine control framework exhibits the significant improvement in the fuel economy around 12.30% for standard Manhattan driving cycle at part load conditions and 7.22% for the modified Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) driving cycle in comparison with the Otto cycle engine.