المبحث الرابع: شعرها
حصلت الشاعرۃ علی فن الشعر منذ صغرھا، وخاصۃً من أجدادها لأمها، وحسن عسکري لہ الدور الکبیر في تربیۃ بروین شاکر وتھذیبھا من الناحیۃ الأدبیۃ کانت الشاعرۃ تحب ان تقرأ من الشعر أو ما شابہ ذلک من الجرائد والمجلات وکانت تحب ان تسمع القصائد والأغاني في الرادیو وکانت تحب ان تُردد خلف الأغاني والاشعار۔ وعندما وصلت مرحلۃ الثانویۃ تقابلت مع الشاعرۃ المعروفۃ عرفانہ عزیز، فقامت عرفانہ بتربیۃ بروین من الناحیۃ الأدبیۃ والشعریۃ وتھذیب ألفاظھا، ومنحتھا ببعض النصائح والإرشادات التي أفادتھا في مستقبلھا۔ وأول عمل شعري لبروین شاکر کان في 6 - سبتمبر وکانت قصیدتھا الأولیٰ المعنونۃ ب(صبحِ وطن) ۔ (صباح الوطن) وکانت حول 6- سبتمبر، ویقول الدکتور ناظم جعفري عن بروین بأنھا تربت وترعرعت تحت رعایۃ حسن عسکري[1].
تعرفت الشاعرۃ علی أحمد ندیم قاسمي عن طریق منتج رادیو پاکستان یاور مھدي ویقول أحمد ندیم قاسمي وصلتني رسالۃ من شاعر شاب عبیداﷲ علیم في 1971م وفیہ بعض أشعار لبروین شاکر ویقول ھذا الشاب عن بروین شاکر أنھا شابۃ بارعۃ ولھا قصائد رائعۃ، فیقول أحمد ندیم عندما وصتلني أشعارھا وبعد قراءتھا صححتُ بعض الأخطاء البسیطۃ ثم تم نشرها في 1971م[2]، وساعدھا الأستاذ القاسمي في المھارۃ الفنیۃ والشعریۃ وأعطاھا الکثیر من النصائح والإرشادات المھمۃ التي ساعدتھا في براعتھا وتھذیب لُغۃ الشعر وتطور أسالبیھا الشعریۃ۔
[1] الدکتور ناظم جعفري، خوشبو کی ہمسفر، ص78ـ79
[2] أحمد ندیم قاسمي، خوشبو کی ہمسفر، ص17۔
This article elaborates the essence and value of Tazkia. The importance of Tazkia (The purification of Soul) may be known from the fact that Allah Ta, ala in the Holy Quran, emphasizedit with seven oaths and said: (He has succeeded who purifies it). Moreover, all the prophets (Peace be upon them) invited the people towards the same thing (The purification of Soul). For example, Moses told Pharaoh: (Would you (be willing to) purify yourself?). Allah said in the Holy Quran, regarding the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him): (2(It is He who has sent among the unlettered a Messenger from themselves reciting to them His verses and purifying them and teaching them the Book and wisdom although they were before in clear error). The purification of Soul (Tazkia) is the source of high degrees and perpetual blessings. The Holy Quran clarifies: But whoever comes to Him as a believer having done righteous deeds, for those will be the highest degrees. Gardens of perpetual residence beneath which river flow, wherein they abide eternally, and that is the reward of one who purifies himself.) The Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) also would pray: (O my God: give my soul righteousness and purify it, because You are the best one who can purify it, You are its Protector and Lord.
In emerging economies, tunneling is a commonly examined feature of business groups because their pyramidal organizational structures allow an apex firm’s dominant shareholders to control affiliates. This study used both direct and indirect methods of examining tunneling behavior and its causes and consequences in firms listed in the Pakistan Stock Exchange belonging to different business groups. For this purpose, the data of167 nonfinancial firms that recorded RPTs in their annual reports from 2006 to 2013 used for analysis. The empirical results of different regression models suggested that board size, board independence, CEO compensation, institutional, and foreign ownership have a significant negative effect on the related party transactions, whereas ownership of the associated firms, CEO duality, and managerial ownership have a positive effect on the RPTs. Moreover, bank loans, multiple bank relationships, and audit quality have a significant and negative effect on the RPTs. The performance models show that RPTs have a negative effect on accounting based measures such as return on assets, return on equity, earning per share and market-based performance such as Tobin’s Q. Further, this study applied the indirect empirical technique developed by Bertrand, Mehta, and Mullainathan (2002) for measuring tunneling in business groups. For this purpose, a sample of 396 firms for a period of 2006 to 2015 considered for the estimation of regression models. The results suggested that group firms are more sensitive to industry shocks as compared to standalone-firms. Furthermore, group-firms with a higher level of managerial ownership and associated ownership are less sensitive to industry shocks. The overall results are consistent with the conflict of interest hypothesis and the tunneling behavior of the controlling shareholders in Pakistani business groups.