نولکھی کوٹھی
’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘علی اکبر ناطق کا ناول ہے۔یہ ناول تاریخ پہ لکھی گئی ایک کہانی ہے کیونکہ تاریخی کہانی ہے اس لیے اس ناول کے سارے کردار روایتی ہیں اور تقسیم ہند پر لکھے جانے والے بے شمار ناولوں میں یہ ممکن نہیں ہے کہ ان کے تاریخی واقعات کو بدلہ جا سکے۔ ناول میں مرکزی حیثیت ولیم کو حاصل ہے جو ایک انگریز ہے۔یہی اس ناول کی خاصیت ہے کہ ولیم جو کہ ایک انگریز ہے اور اپنی اس کوٹھی جس پہ اس ناول کا عنوان ہے’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘کا مقیم ہے۔ ہندوستانی کہلوانے اور اس سرزمین سے خود کو جوڑ کر رکھنے کی ان تھک کوشش کرتا رہتا ہے۔جس کیلئے وہ وہاں کے رہائشیوں کے لیے بھی بے شمار ایسی خدمات سر انجام دیتا رہتا ہے جن سے ان کی زندگی میں آسانیاں رہیں لیکن اس کی وطن سے محبت کو اس کی زمین کے لیے خدمت کو ہمیشہ شک کی نظر سے دیکھا جاتا ہے۔’’ولیم‘‘یہاں سرکاری افسر بھی تھا۔ اس کی شریک حیات جس کو بہت چاہتا ہے اور امید رکھتا ہے کہ وہ ہمیشہ اس کا ساتھ دے گی۔وہ بھی اس مشکل گھڑی میں اس کا ساتھ چھوڑ جاتی ہے اور ولیم اکیلا ہندوستان میں رہ جاتا ہے، بالآخر زندگی کی جنگ ہار جاتا ہے اوراپنی پہچان نہیں بنا پاتا۔علی اکبرناطق نو لکھی کوٹھی میں یوں رقمطراز ہیں :
’’آج میں پھر ان ٹھنڈی ہواؤں کا لطف لیتے ہوئے غیر ارادی طور پر اس طرف بڑھ رہا تھا جیسے ہی اس کوٹھی پر پہنچا وہاں اور ہی رنگ تھے۔مغلیوں کے بچے صحن میں اچھل کود کر رہے تھے۔ذرا غور کیا تو پتا چلا کہ وہاں کوئی اور ہی خاندان آباد ہے۔میں نے جائزہ لینے کے لیے بھر پور نظر ماری لیکن مجھے ولیم نظر...
The comparative study of civilizations, their conflicts, clashes and their harmony are the significant issues of this era. It's a reality that in the present clash of civilizations, Islam is being pushed to a tight corner. The Islamic world today is facing severe challenges and odd circumstances in maintaining their vital values and re-establishing their identity and gaining their due place in the modern world because some of the western thinkers believe that after demolishing the Soviet Union, their next encounter would be with the ideology of Islam. In this situation, the comparison of civilizations and their comprehension has acquired a significant place and it is necessary to highlight the essential elements of various civilizations in such a way that they can sustain their individuality and the misunderstandings among them may be removed to create a peaceful atmosphere which is based on love, mutual tolerance, co-existence and the supremacy of basic human rights so that the world may return to the merger of various civilizations and harmony among different religions. Allama Iqbal is the thinker who has shown extraordinary depth in his approach towards the study of Islam and the western world, highlighting their differences and the traditions, points and levels of their merger and harmony with a balanced and impartial approach. It's necessary to comprehend Iqbal's ideas keeping in view the history of Islam and the western world, the current demands of the present age and considering organized, solid, argumentative analysis in an objective way revealing the soul of Islam and the spirit of the west in context of Iqbal's philosophy so that the modern world can move towards a peaceful and creative situation. Dr. Mehmood Ahmad Ghazi was the realization of Iqbal's dream. He is simultaneously an educationist, a great researcher and an illustrator and interpreter of the Holy Quran and narrator of Hadiths. His personality was equally well versed in Islamic art and learning and all their offshoot disciplines. It's the trait of his personality that in spite of travelling far and wide and having done a vast study, he is not impressed at all except by the ideology of Islam. He has very successfully passed on the ancient heritage to its modern heirs with honesty, skill and sagacity. Here an effort has been made to present a review of his views where he has propounded a critical, analytical and scholarly analysis of the western world.
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of most destructive insect pests of agriculture and horticulture worldwide. It is a cryptic species complex, and biotypes of the complex have become serious pests in Pakistan because of their feeding and their ability to transmit cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV). During 2007- 2008 and 2008-2009, the survey covered 40 cotton growing areas of the Punjab and Sindh provinces. Bemisia tabaci populations were sampled from cotton fields showing CLCuV infection. 100% prevalence was observed on the basis of typical begomovirus symptoms in cotton fields, both the years in Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan. The genetic diversity, biotype status of the Bemisia tabaci and its association with difference in Cotton Leaf Curl Disease incidence across both provinces were assessed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mtCO1) gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences conducted by maximum-likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. The RAPD banding patterns showed considerable genetic variations among all 82 B.tabaci populations analyzed from each year. RAPD profiles generated 151 scorable amplification products, of which 77% were polymorphic in 2007 -2008 populations however 152 scorable amplification products were produced, of which 79% were polymorphic during 2008-2009 analysis. The study showed that the primer OPA-04 gave the unique and unambiguous DNA profiles that clearly distinguished biotype B from indigenous non B individuals. The primers gave polymorphic products of 150bp and 450bp with B biotype whereas 490bp and 1250bp with non B biotype. RAPD data clustered the B. tabaci samples on the basis of B and non B biotypes, regardless of the geographical origin of the populations. In both years analysis, 78 out of 80 Pakistani samples excluding the control populations fell in the non B cluster. The sub grouping between B.tabaci is diverse as Punjab populations set together with both Punjab and Sindh populations in this cluster. The B biotype populations formed an independent cluster contained B biotype reference population with two populations from Sindh. This shows that the presence of B biotype now termed Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM 1) was restricted to a few locations of Sindh. This RAPD analysis showed that 96% of total B.tabaci samples studied are non B biotype (now termed Asia II 1), observed in cotton growing areas of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan. These non B biotype B. tabaci are more diverse and indigenous to B biotype. It is estimated that genetic variations among non B populations increased by 2% over a year. Phylogenetic analyses of mtCO1 gene sequences congregated Pakistani B.tabaci with two genetic groups; Asia II 1(H, M, NA, non B biotypes) and MEAM 1 (B, B2 biotypes) in the year 2007-2008. However, the 2008-2009 samples fell into three distinctive clusters namely, Asia II 1, Asia II 5 and MEAM1. This phylogenetic inference revealed that the vast majority of the B.tabaci were Asia II 1 (non B biotype) and appeared well established in cotton growing regions of Punjab and Sindh province. This Asia II 1 cluster separated into two subgroups; subgroup A and subgroup B. The subgroup A, showed Pakistani populations shared close relationship with the Chinese, Indian and previously described Pakistani B.tabaci whereas the subgroup B clustered, Pakistani Bemisia populations with Nepal and Bangladesh populations. The high nucleotide identities (upto 99%) were observed in each group. MEAM1 was not detected in Punjab cotton growing areas by RAPD and phylogenetic analysis however identified from few locations of Sindh. Two populations from Pakpatan, Punjab and one from Khairpur, Sindh grouped with Asia II 5 (G biotype) with a high bootstrap support at 99%. The Asia II 5 is a new biotype observed in Pakistan and its presence is already reported in India and Bangladesh. This study is the first evidence of Asia II 5 presence in Punjab and Sindh, hence, the correlation between Asia II 5 and Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is yet unclear. The prevalence of Asia II 1 was sustained in these two year analysis of B.tabaci population from cotton. It seems that the distribution of this genetic group influence the distribution of CLCuD and plays a vital role in the spread of CLCuV all over Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. The phylogenetic study significantly supported the outcomes of RAPD analysis. The high genetic variations were observed in B.tabaci populations of cotton growing areas of Punjab and Sindh. The Asia II 1 (includes H, M, NA, non B biotypes) is prevalent in both provinces and associated with high incidence of CLCuD. The present study, gives the first indication of subsistence of Asia II 1 on cotton in Sindh and presence of Asia II 5 in Pakistan. This knowledge will contribute to the development of appropriate strategies with which to manage the disease in Pakistan.