In recent years digital watermarking has gained substantial attraction by the research community. It promises the solution to many problems such as content piracy, illicit manipulation of medical/legal documents, content security and so on. Watermarked content is usually vulnerable to a series of attacks in real world scenario. These attacks may be legitimate, such as common signal processing operations, or illegitimate, such as a malicious attempt by an attacker to remove the watermark. A low strength watermark usually possesses high imperceptibility but weak robustness and vice versa. On the other hand, different set of attacks are associated with distinctive watermarking applications, which pose different requirements on a watermarking scheme. Therefore, intelligent approaches are needed to adaptively and judiciously structure the watermark in view of the current application. In addition, traditional watermarking techniques cause irreversible degradation of an image. Although the degradation is perceptually insignificant, it may not be admissible in applications like medical, legal, and military imagery. For applications such as these, it is desirable to extract the embedded information, as well as recover the sensitive host image. This leads us to the use of reversible watermarking. An efficient reversible watermarking scheme should be able to embed more information with less perceptual distortion, and equally, be able to restore the original cover content. Therefore, for reversible watermarking, capacity and imperceptibility are two important properties. However, if one increases the other decreases and vice versa. Hence, one needs to make an optimum choice between these two properties for reversible watermarking. 5The research in this work is two-fold. Firstly, we develop intelligent systems for making optimum robustness versus imperceptibility tradeoffs. The performance of the existing watermarking approaches is not up to the task when we consider watermark structuring in view of a sequence of attacks, which is much desirous in real world applications. In order to resist a series of attacks, we employ intelligent selection of both the frequency band as well as strength of alteration for watermark embedding using Genetic Programming. To further enhance the robustness of the watermarking system, Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks are applied to adaptively modify the decoding strategy in view of the anticipated sequence of attacks at the watermark extraction phase. Secondly, we devise an intelligent system capable of making optimum/ near optimum tradeoff between watermark payload and imperceptibility. In the context of reversible watermarking, we propose an intelligent scheme which selects suitable coefficients in different wavelet sub-bands and yields superior capacity versus imperceptibility tradeoff. Experimental results show that machine learning approaches are very promising in state of the art watermarking applications.
اسکی آنکھوں کے نیچے دھوپ کی پتلی سی لکیر بچھی تھی ۔دوپہر کے سناٹے میں دروازے پر اسے دیکھ کر میں حیران ہوا،تھوڑی سی الجھن،کچھ کچھ خوف اور شاید مدھم سنہری امیدوں کو اپنے پیروں میں لپیٹے وہ جھجھکتی ہوئ مسکرائی۔
اپ نے پہچانا نہیں میں مسز مالتی ملہوترہ ،کناٹ پلیس میں ہم ملے تھے کرونا سے پہلے ۔اب تو پہچانا
اندر آجائیں، کیسے آنا ہوا ،صوفے پر بیٹھنے کا اشارہ کرتے ہوئے مسکراکر میں نے پوچھا
۔میری مسکراہٹ کے آدھے حصے نے اسکی مسکراہٹ کو مکمل۔کردیا
یہ چٹھی ہے ، ملہوترہ نے دی ہے۔صوفے پر تنگ لباس میں بپھرے بدن کو سمیٹتے ہوئےوہ بیٹھ گئ ۔مجھے لگا وہ مٹھی میں ہوا کوبند کر رہی ہو، میں اس سے کچھ پرے بیٹھ کر چٹھی پڑھنے لگا دل تو چاہا کہ قریب ہی بیٹھوں لیکن اندیشہ ہوا، قربت کی جلدی کہیں دوری میں نہ بدل۔جائے
پیارے سنیل جی !آشا ہے سب کشل ہوگا۔کرونا کارن مین آجکل بہت پریشان ہوں۔ورکشاپ بند پڑا ہے ۔اپ کی گاڑی کے ڈینٹ پینٹ کا کام بھی نہیں کرسکا اب تک
مجھے ابھی 5 ہزار کی بہت اوشکتا ہے ۔آپ کی گاڑی کے کام کردوںگا تو اس سے کاٹ لیجئے گا۔ یقین ہے نراش نہیں کرینگے
آپ کا سچا متر ملہوترہ
وہ سر جھکائے قالین پر پاوں کے انگوٹھے رگڑتی رہی میں اسکی جانب نہیں دیکھ رہاتھالیکن اسےمحسوس ہورہا ہوگا کہ اسے ہی دیکھ رہا ہوں وہ بھی مجھے نہیں دیکھ رہی تھی لیکن مجھے یقین تھا کہ وہ مجھے ہی دیکھ رہی ہوگی۔کچھ نظریں بغیر دیکھے ہی سب کچھ دیکھ لیتی ہیں
The relationship between English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture) and our culture as Muslim Pakistanis has developed over a period of time since the British colonization. The history of this cultural interaction may be divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The strategy adopted in this paper is based upon the argument that this relationship may be traced through some of the most representative figures of our culture, such as, Shibli, Iqbal, Faiz etc. In each phase of this interaction. The present essay on Shibli deals with the first phase of our cultural interaction with English. It adopts what may be termed as an analogical approach to the issue as it intends to engage with what I think to be rather unwarranted psychoanalytic forays of some of our critics into the psycho-dynamics of such culturally representative figures like Shibli in their relationship with English. The paper exploits the analogy first used by Sheikh Muhammad Ikram, and later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a step-mother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of our cultural interaction with the language. Shibli’s terms of engagement with his step-mother, and analogically with English, is the subject of this essay.
Acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are caused by thrombosis or the obstruction of blood vessels with clots and this is the leading causes of death. The single handling accessible is the use of thrombolytic agent to liquefy the blood lump. Hyper production of streptokinase was carried out in this research work. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus equisimilis was isolated from indigenous sources and then mutagenesis of this isolate was carried out by means of chemicals as well as radiations. To seek the optimum activity, different kinetic and thermodynamic parameters like pH, temperature, Km, Vmax, molecular weight, melting temperature, half-life, enthalpy and entropy etc. were applied on the purified enzyme. UV irradiated strain resulted in 335 U/mL activity with 1116.66 U/mg specific activity, 0.30 mg/mL protein, 41.92 fold purification and 69.79% recovery whereas Sodium azide derived mutant resulted in 400 U/mL activity with 2000 U/mg specific activity, 0.20 mg/mL protein, 71.94 fold purification and 64.51% recovery of the finally purified enzyme. Gamma irradiated strain exhibited 300 U/mL activity with 1428.57 U/mg specific activity, 0.21 mg/mL protein, 59.52 fold purification and 75.94% recovery whereas ethidium bromide derived mutant showed 365 U/mL activity with 1659.09 U/mg specific activity, 0.22 mg/mL protein, 66.52 fold purification and 85.08% recovery. Optimum pH and temperature of the finally purified enzyme was 7 and 45oC. Enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH*) of streptokinase at 450C was 43.67 kJ/mole. The Energy of thermal denaturation ΔG* was 101.14 kJ/mole and entropy of inactivation ΔS* was -197.32 kJ/mole at 45oC. The negative value of ΔS* indicated that streptokinase was thermodynamically stable. Km and Vmax values of streptokinase were 26.31 mM and 50 MS-1. Streptokinase produced from sodium azide derived mutant exhibited activity within the pH range of 6 to 8 while it presented its best performance at pH 7. Thermal stability between 45oC to 80oC was shown by the streptokinase along with half-life of 244 minutes while less stability was shown at 80oC along with 45 minutes of half-life and 40.41 kJ/mole as enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH*).