نبی کریم ﷺ کے تعدد ازواج کے سماجی اثرات

The seerah of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is a diversified combination of various traits. Among hundreds of the aspects of seerah if analysed various such dimensions appear before us in accordance with the educational and cultural evolution and criticality of time. One of these many is the sociological aspect of the holy seerah of the Prophet (SAW). According to the teachings of the Holy Prophet SAW Islam n Society are quite compatible to each other where marital element holds foremost importance in social circles. There is complete guidance about it in the seerah. The Prophet of Islam himself provided practical model of polygamy which was subjected to severe censure by the non-believers on account of their prejudice, ignorance and dishonesty and which the research scholars of seerah responded to n refuted on logical, convincing and solid grounds. The objective of this thesis is to highlight various positive effects of the polygamy of the Prophet SAW on society and its value in eradicating a number of social evils. Among manifold positive effects of this practice of polygamy include such benefits as the well-being and social elevation of widows, the eradication of the frequent custom of adoption, the extinction of social distinction and discrimination, the removal of tribal n social enmities, the following of the Prophet's model of women's education, the recognition of social work and social workers, and the upbringing of orphans.

Investigating the Genetic Diversity of Tick Strains in Local Goat Populations in Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan and Possible Control of the Infections Agent With Herbal Therapy.

Small ruminants are important contributors to food production in Pakistan, particularly in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan that have been badly affected by wars in the last 50 years. Sheep and goats could be infested with several species of ticks, which thereafter can transmit various pathogens, leading to economic losses due to morbidity and mortality of affected animals. Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders to control the disease burden caused by cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus in various parts of the world. Finding new molecules for efficient control of tick infestation is indispensable to maintain the cattle herd productivity thus reducing the economic losses. Very little is known about the genetic diversity of ticks of small ruminants in Pakistan, particularly in the FATA. Therefore, the current study is designed to assess genetic diversity of hard ticks infesting small ruminants in FATA and to record the resistance status against common commercial acaricides and efficacy of plant extracts against various developmental stages of ticks. A total of 1470 adult ticks were randomly collected from 294 host animals including Goats= 186 and Sheep=108. Eighty two samples out of 1470 samples of ticks were subjected to run PCR for each primer. Thirty samples were sent to sequencing for molecular identification of ticks. The expected amplicon sizes for 16S rRNA, cytochrome C oxidase 1 and ITS2 were observed from 460- 1600bp. The PCR amplicons for Rhiphicephalus, Hyalomma and Haemaphysalis were subjected for sequencing after purificat ion. Thirteen isolates of tick samples belong to different species for each primer were selected for the construction of phylogenetic trees. The alignment was done using BLAST and CLUSTAL W multiple alignment tools. While, resistance status and efficacy of methanol extracts of medicinal plants were assessed using Adult immersion test (AIT) and Larval packet test (LPT) as per recommended by FAO. Synergistic assays were also evaluated using LPT. Furthermore, in silico techniques were carried out to detect compounds in plants having acaricidal potential. Methanol extracts of leaves of Calotropis (C.) procera and roots of Taraxacum (T.) officinale were evaluated using adult immersion test and larval packet test against eggs, larvae and adults of Rhipicephalus microplus. Total nine species were identified, which include three species of genus Rhipicephalus (R. microplus, R. decolaratus and R. Sanguineus), two species of genus Haemaphysalis (Ha. sulcata and Ha. Punctata) and four species of genus Hyalomma (Hy. anatolicum, Hy. detritum, Hy. excuvatum and Hy. Scupense). DNA sequences of the above-mentioned ticks matched with those of respective published sequences available in the GenBank. These sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using Mega 6 by Neighbor joining method with 1000 replication of bootstrap. The herbal extracts exhibited the lethal effects on egg laying (index of egg laying =0.2411±0.002, 0.275±0.001), hatching% (35.68±0.565, 33.40±0.311) and total larval mortalit y (96±0.57, 96.66±0.88) respectively, at 40 mg ml-1. Phenol 2 4-bis (1 1-dimethylethyl) and Squalene were found to be potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in plants. This study shows the diversity of ticks infesting small ruminants in the north-west parts of Pakistan. Findings of this study highlight the importance of using morphological and molecular approaches for identification of ticks. Herbal extract and synergistic assays exerted dose dependent response against all the developmental stages of R. microplus.