Intelligent transport system (ITS), owing to its potential to enhance road safety, comfort, security, and traffic efficiency have attracted attention from automotive industries and academia in recent years. The underlying technology i.e., vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provide a means for vehicles to intelligently exchange messages regarding road and traffic conditions to enhance safety. Wireless communication in ITS leads to many security and privacy challenges. Security and privacy of ITS are important issues that demand incorporation of confidentiality, privacy, authentication, integrity, non-repudiation, and restrictive obscurity. In order to ensure the privacy of vehicles during communication, it is required that the real identity of vehicles should not be revealed. There must be robust and efficient security and privacy mechanisms for the establishment of a reliable and trustworthy network. In this thesis, an efficient pseudonym based secure framework is proposed for preserving the real identities of vehicles. The proposed distributed architecture allows vehicles to generate pseudonyms in a very private and secure way. In the absence of a distributed architecture, the privacy cannot be preserved by storing information regarding vehicles in a single location. The proposed framework only allows vehicles with valid pseudonyms to communicate in ITS. Pseudonyms are assigned to vehicles in a secure manner. The pseudonym mappings of vehicles are stored at different locations to avoid any chance of vehicle pseudonyms certificates linkability. In addition, the most recent communication pseudonyms of a malicious vehicle are revoked and are stored in the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) that results in small size of the CRL. Therefore, the CRL size does not increase exponentially. The distributed proposed framework guarantees, the vehicles privacy preservation in the real identities mapping and revocation phase from the certificate authorities. The empirical results prove that the proposed framework is robust and efficient with low computational cost, overhead ratio, average latency, and an increased delivery ratio.
مولانا ابوبکر اصلاحی افسوس ہے کہ ۲؍ مئی کو جماعت اسلامی کے ایک ذمہ دار بزرگ اور اعظم گڑھ کے اطراف کے مشہور عالم مولانا ابوبکر اصلاحی صاحب نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، مدرسۃ الاصلاح سے فراغت کے بعد انہوں نے ضلع بستی میں دینی تعلیم کی اشاعت اور درس و تدریس کی خدمت انجام دی، ۴۶ء میں مدرسۃ الاصلاح آئے۔ راقم نے صرف و نحو اور فقہ کی بعض کتابیں ان سے پڑھیں، وہ جماعت کے بڑے سرگرم رکن تھے، اس لیے مدرسہ سے سبکدوش ہوکر اس کے تنظیمی کاموں میں لگ گئے، ان کی اچھی کارگزاری کی بنا پر جب جامعۃ الفلاح قائم ہوا تو اس کی ترقی و استحکام کا کام انہیں سپرد کیا گیا اور وہ عرصہ تک اس کے نیک نام ناظم و صدر مدرس رہے۔ اب علالت و معذوری کی وجہ سے سرائمیر میں اپنے گھر ہی رہتے تھے۔ دارالمصنفین بھی تشریف لاتے تھے، مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی سے تعلق خاطر تھا۔ مولانا ابوبکر صاحب کی وفات سے جماعت اسلامی اپنے ایک اچھے اور مخلص کارکن سے محروم ہوگئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے اور پس ماندگان کو صبر جمیل عطا کرے۔ آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مئی ۱۹۹۸ء)
Islam and the West are two competitor civilizations of 21st century. West is much fear by the rapid expansion of Islam. It is imagined that very soon Islam is going to become a major religion of the Europe. Now European think tanks are constantly working to present a negative picture of Islam. Bernard Lewis is trying his best to prove that Islam is not a suitable civilization and religion for the world. As there are different classes of citizens within Islamic State and society and all the citizens are not equal in Islamic teachings and practice like women, slaves and Non-Muslims. Whereas, his presented theories are quite different than real teachings and practice of Islam. All the citizens of Islamic State are equal before law but there is difference of responsibilities according to their abilities. This article is presenting a critical and real discussion about the social inequalities blamed by Bernard Lewis, existing in Islamic state and society.
A large number of problems arise with non linear equations in numerical analysis. To solve such
non linear equations several iterative methods have been developed by using different
techniques. The aim of this work is to study the improvement in the number of iteration and
convergence of Newton-Raphson method to solve a non linear equation ??(??) = 0 by applying
modified quadrature rules. These quadratures include Trapezoidal, Simpson one-third, Simpson
three-eight and Boole rule. By applying these quadratures some new modified forms of
Newton?s method are obtained and their convergence analysis is studied. These variants show
third order convergence. Different examples presented illustrate the efficiency of these newly
generated variants of Newton?s method when compared with already developed method.