Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of tiny sensor nodes capable of being deployed in a range of environments in random or regular fashion. These networks are getting attention of the research community due their broad application domain. They can be applied in many fields like health care, homes, military, environment monitoring or in any commercial environment. Due to resource constrained nature of the nodes, these networks need energy efficient solutions. Since a network operation is many times more expensive than local operation, therefore very efficient and highly adaptable communication systems need to be developed for these networks in order to increase a node’s life time. To avoid resource limitation and achieve energy efficiency collaborative communication combines the power of multiple sensor nodes to transmit the same data at the same time to a base station. This research focuses on energy efficiency in Body Area Networks, sensor networks with multipath and wideband channels. All these models are investigated in the presence of Rayleigh Fading Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The received signals from collaborative nodes at the base station are considered to be out-of-phase (imperfect phase synchronization). The ultimate goal is to investigate the effect of collaborative communication on energy efficiency, channel capacity gain, received power, BER in Wireless Sensor Networks using narrow-band, multipath and wideband channels. A synchronization process is designed to reduce the phase and frequency synchronization errors among the transmitter (Collaborative) nodes and the receiver (base station). A theoretical model for unsynchronized phase using collaborative communication in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading is proposed, analyzed and simulated. The performance of collaborative communication system is evaluated by investigating several figures of merits including “received power”, “BER”, “energy efficiency” and “channel capacity”. The theoretical findings of collaborative communication system are verified using Monte Carlo simulation by considering the parameters of “off-the-shelf” products i.e. “CC2420” and “AT86RF212”. Theoretical analysis of the derived models for received power gain, BER, energy efficiency and capacity gain show that an increase in the number of collaborative nodes also increases the gain in received power and capacity of the system whereas inversely effect BER. Simulation results for phase error intervals f?0:1 0:1g; f?0:2 0:2g; f?0:3 0:3g and f?0:4 0:4g in case of BAN show a 0:475N2 to 0:8N2 gain in received power whereas to achieve a BER of 10?3, the required transmited power decreases from 12:5dB to 10dB with an increase Anwar Ghani: 70-FBAS/PHDCS/F11 Page viii of 153 in the number of nodes from 5 to 11 over the phase error interval f?0:2 0:2g. This required power to achieve the desired BER raises 15dB to 12:5dB in case of phase error f?0:4 0:4g. In multipath communication the gain in received power improves from 0:49N2 to 0:83N2 whereas required power for BER of 10?3 in case of f?0:1 0:1g decreases from 10dB to 7:5dB and for f?0:3 0:3g the decrease is from 12dB to 9dB. In case of wideband communication the gain in received power ranges from 0:51N2 to 0:93N2 and the required power for BER of 10?3 for single node is 7:5dB and for nodes from 5 to 11 it is 3dB to 2dB. For trade-off-analysis of energy saving and transmission distances performed for off-the-shelf devices “CC2420” and “AT86RF212”, shows in all scenarios “CC2420” stabilizes before “AT86RF212”. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that collaborative communication is energy efficient and suitaWireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of tiny sensor nodes capable of being deployed in a range of environments in random or regular fashion. These networks are getting attention of the research community due their broad application domain. They can be applied in many fields like health care, homes, military, environment monitoring or in any commercial environment. Due to resource constrained nature of the nodes, these networks need energy efficient solutions. Since a network operation is many times more expensive than local operation, therefore very efficient and highly adaptable communication systems need to be developed for these networks in order to increase a node’s life time. To avoid resource limitation and achieve energy efficiency collaborative communication combines the power of multiple sensor nodes to transmit the same data at the same time to a base station. This research focuses on energy efficiency in Body Area Networks, sensor networks with multipath and wideband channels. All these models are investigated in the presence of Rayleigh Fading Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The received signals from collaborative nodes at the base station are considered to be out-of-phase (imperfect phase synchronization). The ultimate goal is to investigate the effect of collaborative communication on energy efficiency, channel capacity gain, received power, BER in Wireless Sensor Networks using narrow-band, multipath and wideband channels. A synchronization process is designed to reduce the phase and frequency synchronization errors among the transmitter (Collaborative) nodes and the receiver (base station). A theoretical model for unsynchronized phase using collaborative communication in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading is proposed, analyzed and simulated. The performance of collaborative communication system is evaluated by investigating several figures of merits including “received power”, “BER”, “energy efficiency” and “channel capacity”. The theoretical findings of collaborative communication system are verified using Monte Carlo simulation by considering the parameters of “off-the-shelf” products i.e. “CC2420” and “AT86RF212”. Theoretical analysis of the derived models for received power gain, BER, energy efficiency and capacity gain show that an increase in the number of collaborative nodes also increases the gain in received power and capacity of the system whereas inversely effect BER. Simulation results for phase error intervals f?0:1 0:1g; f?0:2 0:2g; f?0:3 0:3g and f?0:4 0:4g in case of BAN show a 0:475N2 to 0:8N2 gain in received power whereas to achieve a BER of 10?3, the required transmited power decreases from 12:5dB to 10dB with an increase Anwar Ghani: 70-FBAS/PHDCS/F11 Page viii of 153 in the number of nodes from 5 to 11 over the phase error interval f?0:2 0:2g. This required power to achieve the desired BER raises 15dB to 12:5dB in case of phase error f?0:4 0:4g. In multipath communication the gain in received power improves from 0:49N2 to 0:83N2 whereas required power for BER of 10?3 in case of f?0:1 0:1g decreases from 10dB to 7:5dB and for f?0:3 0:3g the decrease is from 12dB to 9dB. In case of wideband communication the gain in received power ranges from 0:51N2 to 0:93N2 and the required power for BER of 10?3 for single node is 7:5dB and for nodes from 5 to 11 it is 3dB to 2dB. For trade-off-analysis of energy saving and transmission distances performed for off-the-shelf devices “CC2420” and “AT86RF212”, shows in all scenarios “CC2420” stabilizes before “AT86RF212”. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that collaborative communication is energy efficient and suitable for resource limited networks like WSN.ble for resource limited networks like WSN.
حکیم محمد زماں حسینی کاانتقال یہ کس کومعلوم تھا کہ بیسویں صدی جاتے جاتے بھی امت مسلمہ کوایسا صدمہ دے جائے گی کہ جس سے امت مسلمہ عرصہ دراز تک ابھر نہ سکے گی۔عالم دین،مفسرقرآن،مصنفِ اسلام، مدبر ومفکر حضرت مولانا حکیم محمد زماں حسینی رمضان المبارک کے مقدس مہینے میں اس عالم فانی سے رخصت ہوکرعالم بقاء میں پہنچ کر مالک حقیقی سے جاملے۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔ ان کے انتقال پرملال پرتعز یت پورے عالم اسلام میں کی جائے گی۔اس لیے کہ ان کی شخصیت کے اٹھ جانے سے تمام عالم اسلام کوصدمہ پہنچا ہے،نقصان ہواہے۔ان کی زندگی عالم اسلام کی خدمت کے لیے جیسے وقف تھی۔انہوں نے اپنی تحریروں،تقریروں اور تصانیف کے ذریعہ عالم اسلام کی سچی رہنمائی وخدمت کی ہے۔وہ بے لوث اورمخلص تھے کسی جاہ ومنصب سے بے نیاز صرف دین کی خدمت میں ہی ان کوسکون واطمینان اورراحت وخوشی حاصل تھی۔شیخ الاسلام حضرت مولانا سید حسین احمد مدنی ؒ کے خصوصی تلامذہ میں سے تھے۔صحیح فکر تھی، سوچ میں سچائی تھی،بلند کردار کے حامل تھے،سادگی رگ وریشہ میں سرایت کی ہوئی تھی۔رئیس الاحرار مولانا محمد علی جوہر کی طرح جوش وجذبہ سے طبیعت بھری ہوئی تھی۔حضرت مولانا عبدالماجد دریابادی کی طرح وسیع النظر تھے اورحضرت مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی کی علمی صحبت ومجلس سے فیض یافتہ تھے۔مفکر ملت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی کے جاں نثار شیدائی شاگردوں میں بھی ان کاشمار ہوتاتھا۔حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی ان کے علم وفکر کے معترف وشناسا تھے۔ سیرت پاک پرحضرت مولانا حکیم محمد زماں حسینی صاحبؒ کی تقاریر سننے سے تعلق رکھتی تھیں۔ہندوستان کے وزیر اعظم راجیو گاندھی سیرت پاک کے جلسے میں ان کی تقریر سننے کے لیے شروع سے آخر تک بیٹھے رہے اوررسول پاک ﷺ کی روزمرہ زندگی کے تمام واقعات،پڑوسیوں سے حسن سلوک،غیر مسلموں سے بہترین برتاؤ،دشمنانِ اسلام سے نبی اکرم...
Abstract: Jalal-al-Din Al-Suyuti is famus scholar who has compiled a full fledge and long tafsir known as Al-Durr Al-Ma'thurfit al-tafsir Al-Ma'thur. This work is a masterpiece and is of the unique nature, but unfortunately he has quoted some fabricated narrations in his Tafseer. This article deals with below points: Introductions of Jalal-al-Din al Suyuti Deflation of fabricated Narration Introduction ofAl-Durr Al-Ma'thurfi al-Tafsir Al-Ma'thur Technical analysis of fabricated narrations Outputs of the research based article. The aim of the article is to protect the great narrations of Prophet (SA W) not to devalue the great work of Imam al-Suyutti.
Composite nano-films of TiO2-Ge were grown by ‘pulsed laser deposition’ (PLD) technique on Si wafers while deposition conditions were changed. Firstly single run deposition for a longer time (30 min) with varying Ge concentration in N and p-type polished Si wafers. Secondly films were deposited as single, bi- and tri-layers on n-type polished and unpolished Si wafers such that each layer was deposited for 5 mins. In the first batch of samples target-substrate distance was varied to find its effect on optoelectronic properties of film. It was observed that Ge concentration decreased as target-substrate separation was increased. Also substrate type and separation between target and substrate effected the crystallinity, optical & electrical response of film. On p-type (111) Si wafer thin films showed dominant amorphous behaviour with decreasing Ge concentration. Thin films deposited on Si wafer showed an improvement in crystallinity as target-substrate distance was increased resulting in decrease in crystallite size, increase in defects and strains. Raman spectroscopic results and EDX analysis confirmed the Ge presence in all the samples. Ge identification in Raman and its non-identification through XRD may possibly be due to non-crystalline nature of Ge. Composite nature was identified by the Ge peak related to cubic structure rather than tetragonal (i.e. did not follow crystalline structure of TiO2) i.e. no doping occurred. Films grown at a distance of 6 cm from the target showed better optoelectronic properties which exhibited minimum reflectance but maximum direct and indirect absorption transitions it is also confirmed by its photoluminescence (PL) response. It has a constant refractive index with a stable extinction coefficient. This film demonstrated a positive dielectric constant and a negligible dielectric loss confirming its stable optoelectronic behaviour which was confirmed by its I-V response. Better optoelectronic response for the above mentioned film can be positively due to strains and size reduction of crystallite size. In the second batch of experiment single, di- and tri-layered composite films were grown on polished and n-type unpolished Si (100) wafer. Amorphous nature was observed dominantly in all the samples. Di-layered film deposited on polished n-type Si wafer showed a better optical response which is due to minimum variation in its n. Maximum direct and indirect transitions are also observed in it and a broad PL peak is observed around 2-3.5 eV. Although it does not show better electrical properties as compared to tri-layered thin films but overall optoelectronic response of this film is better as compared to other samples. The reason may be the outcome of crystalline nature of film. Thin films (for 5 min) shows reduced crystallinity and hence optoelectronic response in comparison to that for 30 min, this variance can be attributed to the reduced thickness of film. Single layer film has variable n responsible for lower dielectric constant and hence lowest electrical response.