Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has its applications from terrestrial to aquatic, from earth to cosmic, from agriculture to jungle and from home and offices to international borders. For it, tens to hundreds to thousands of nodes are deployed. So, the distance between the sources to destinations ranges from meters to kilometers that requires well-organized communication architecture with respect to software and hardware. Among constituents of communication architecture, routing is the most energy squeezing process. On focusing this issue, energy efficiency in the routing process is the ultimate goal of this dissertation that is achieved by setting some milestones. First target is to do a comprehensive analysis on energy aware routing in WSN and to present a detailed analysis on those factors that affect energy aware routing. This step gives backing for preparing the underpinning grounds for our further research. In a continuation of this work, clustered network architecture is analyzed and customized since it is extensively used by researchers for energy aware routing. However, more attention is required to ameliorate the energy consumption aspect of its cluster designing process. Hence, a novel design of clustered network architecture is introduced. The proposed design technique is innovative in its idea. Our novel layerbased hybrid algorithms for cluster head and cluster member selection come up to novel communication architecture. Since its substantial constituent is cluster designing, so it is named Multilayer Cluster Designing Algorithm (MCDA). The proposed design not only has an effect on lessening blind broadcasting, but also on decreasing the message exchange in a passionate way. It also encapsulates the beauty of efficient centralized decision making for cluster designing and energy-aware distributed cluster head selection and cluster member allocation processes. Comprehensive experimentations have been performed on the comparative analysis of MCDA with state-of-the-art centralized and distributed cluster designing approaches. Calculation of energy consumption at various aspects, number of designed clusters and number of packets broadcast during the cluster designing are the main performance parameters. It has been found that MCDA outperforms its competing algorithms with respect to the aforementioned parameters due to its multilayered synergistic mating approach. In the extension of this work, its constructive ramification; Extended MCDA is proposed to ameliorate the performance in network lifetime. Novel algorithms for time slot allocation, minimizing the cluster head competition candidates, and cluster member selection play underpinning roles to achieve the target. These incorporations in MCDA result in minimizing transmissions, suppressing unfavorable response of transmissions and near equal size and equal load clusters. Extensive simulations in NS2 are done to evaluate the performance of E-MCDA in energy consumption at various aspects, packets transmission, number of designed clusters, number of nodes per cluster and un-clustered nodes. It is found that the proposed idea optimistically outperforms the competition with MCDA and EADUC (Energy Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering). Next step is energy aware routing mechanism for WSNs is proposed. Constituents of this mechanism are analysis of MCDA for highlighting the parameters to be used for energy aware routing algorithm, Energy Efficient Cluster Head Rotation Technique and Energy Aware Routing Strategy for MCDA that is made up of inter-cluster and intra-cluster routing algorithms. Each constituent of this mechanism plays vital supportive role to other to achieve the target of energy awareness in the routing process. We conducted simulations in NS2 simulator to validate the performance of proposed scheme in comparison to TLPER (Threshold Based Load Balancing Protocol for Energy Aware Routing) and EADUC. Simulations results demonstrate the performance efficiency of proposed scheme in terms of various metrics compared to similar approaches published in the literature.
نواب حبیب اﷲ خان یہ سال مسلمان والیان ریاست کے لئے خاص طور سے اندوہناک ثابت ہوا، مرحومہ سرکاریہ بھوپال کے سانحہ وفات کے بعد ان کے پوتے حبیب اﷲ خان، رامپور کی اسلامی ریاست کے مسند نشین پھر نواب صاحب والی ٹونک کی وفات کے سانحے یکے بعد دیگر پیش آئے اور دنیا کے انقلابات کے نئے نئے نقشے آنکھوں کے سامنے پھرنے لگے، کل من علیھا فان ویبقی وجہ ربکّ ذوالجلال ولاکرام[الرحمن: ۲۶۔۲۷]، دعا ہے کہ اﷲ تعالیٰ مرنے والوں کو مغفرت اور ان کے جانشینوں کو توفیق حسن عمل عطا فرمائے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۰ء)
Inheritance is a key issue in the Islamic Knowledge base. Its importance has been clarified in Qur’an and Sunnah. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) has referred to it as half of the knowledge and has ordered of seeking inheritance and warned that this will be eliminated first from my Ummah, and also notified that this is volatile nature of knowledge which get lost after memorization if not fully cared and practiced. In the light of above mentioned Hadīths it is worth consideration to make knowledge of Inheritance practicable in everyday life. A reason could be that the arithmetic means used for the solution of Inheritance problems is complicated and time consuming. There it is important to introduce such easy and short arithmetic rules for the solution of Inheritance problem that are easily understandable by both the scholars as well as the common man. This will result in making Inheritance easy to handle and hence will become practicable. In a hadith it is stated that near the day of judgement there will be a conflict between two persons in an Inheritance issue and they will not find a scholar to resolve their problem. In this Article an Introduction and comparison of old and new easy arithmetic principles are made in scholarly manner to introduce new easy methods and draw the attention of the people to such a valuable knowledge and relieve the Phobia of the people regarding it.
Experience is a key source of learning. Voluntary services (VS) are one such experiential source to learn and grow from. The present case study used mixed methods (survey tools and in-depth interviews) to explore the perspectives of Ismaili youth on the meaning, value, and educative potentials of their voluntary services based in Karachi. The data was collected from Ismaili youth (18 to 23 years) belonging to three community sites in the city Karachi (Garden, Metroville and Clifton). The study’s data showed that the participants understand the meaning and value of voluntary services in myriad ways, starting from processes of benefiting the lives of the community members, to making a difference in some one’s life, to teaching academic/social subjects and skills to community. Khidmat to the religious leader and to their community appeared as key factors in their involvement in voluntary services. The participants were enrolled in various interconnected institutions and services established by their respective community sites. Even though the volunteers’ learning from their services is not purposefully structured, many participants actively and subtly learnt and developed skills, knowledge and attitudes such as communication, teaching, problem solving, critical thinking, reflecting, presenting, public speaking, time management, multi-tasking, people management, learning about diversity, respect towards others, patience, confidence in their ability, flexibility, leadership, and, most importantly, about justice and diversity. They expressed critical insights about instances of favoritism, nepotism, injustice and unfair treatment of the ‘other’ during their voluntary experiences. The link between academic/school subjects and voluntary experiences was limited to religious education. Overall the youth’s learning from their voluntary services showed the potentials for developing into successful leaders for their community and larger society, with broad vision and relevant skills and dispositions for 21st century. The youth appeared to have deeply thought suggestions, which make them natural partners to the community leaders in making VS more meaningful, relevant, and empowering. Dialogue with the youth can make the link between voluntary services and learning more robust, explicit and mutually beneficial. These transformative potentials can be tapped on, if the community leaders actively listen to their youth voices.