This thesis presents a thermo-environmental and economic analysis of actual gas-turbine cycle, combined cycle power plants and a proposed trigeneration scheme. The thermodynamic analysis includes the application of energetic and exergetic concepts while environmental analysis embraces the assessment of CO2 emissions in energy production. The economic analysis evaluates the levelized cost of the power plants and financial feasibility of the trigeneration scheme using the basic cost methods. The parametric study is performed to deliberate the effects of various operating and economic parameters on net power output, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, total heating, total cooling, CO2 emissions and costs. Additionally, regression analysis is performed where various multiple polynomial regression (MPR) model equations have been developed to estimate response variables (performance parameters) as a function of multiple predictor variables (operating parameters). An optimization process has also been performed to present optimal operating conditions for maximum efficiencies with minimum CO2 emissions and levelized costs. The systems have been modeled using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and simulated for various conditions. The results of parametric analysis of gas turbine and combined cycle power plants have shown a significant impact of operating parameters on the performance parameters, component exergy destruction, CO2 emission, and costs. The efficiencies and levelized cost of power plants increase with a decrease in the ratio of compressor inlet temperature-to-gas turbine inlet temperature for initial PR values. The effects of pinch point temperature difference and main steam pressure on performance and CO2 emissions are insignificant in the combined cycle power plants. According to the exergy analysis, the combustion chamber and exhaust stack have major contribution towards total exergy destruction/loss rates. Also, the total exergy destruction rate in the regenerative cycle is relatively lower than that in the simple cycle; thereby worked with a higher exergy efficiency. The regression model equations have appeared to be a good estimator of the response variables due to significant R2 values. The optimization results have exhibited an increase in the exergy efficiency and a diminution in the cost rates with the selection of best trade-off values at different power output conditions. The trigeneration system has been investigated parametrically under different modes of operation, i.e., power-heating, power-heating-cooling and power-cooling at different power outputs and varying operating and economic parameters. Two economic indices, i.e., NPV and PBP have been selected with which feasibility of the trigeneration scheme is assessed. Moreover, an evaluation methodology of the trigeneration system has been introduced in a case of heating and cooling of residential buildings in colonies situated near the power plant, taking into account both technical and economic data. The feasibility of trigeneration project for the residential colonies has been assessed after performing heating and cooling demand assessments of the buildings. According to the calculations, hot water consumption per capita is 60 L/d requiring 279 kWh (thermal)/capita per annum, whereas thermal demand for space heating and space cooling are nearly 64 and 109 kWh/m2 floor area, respectively. The trigeneration scheme is determined to be a worthwhile investment for most of the economic conditions and demands. A decrease in the discount rate and an increase in the prices of natural gas and electricity tend to make the trigeneration project more feasible.
حسن فانی اے بہتے ناز کریندیئے کڑیئے ناں کر اتنا شور سسی وی سی ناز کریندی، رُل موئی بھنبھور کڑیئے فانی حسن تے ناں ہوئیے ایڈا مغرور جد وی جوبن ٹٹنا تینوں ہونا دکھ ضرور کسے ناں تینوں پچھنا بھاویں دنیا دی توں حور جو بنیا اوس ٹٹنا ایتھے ہونا ہور دا ہور ہیر سیال نے رانجھے دے نال عشق نبھایا اے مجھیں باراں سال چرائیاں ، نالے چاک اکھوایا اے عشق چ اوڑک جوگی بنیا، بوہتا دکھ اٹھایا اے قیدو نے تاں مڑ وی نہیں سی چھڈیا اوہدا کھور سوہنی ایتھے عشق دی ڈاہڈی لاج نبھائی اے دلبر تے جند واری، ناں ای اکھ پرتائی اے اس دنیا دے کچے گھڑے نے جان گنوائی اے گوتے کھاندی رہ گئی ، نہ کوئی چلیا اوہدا زور قادریؔ سائیں عشق ماہی وچ ہوئے ڈاہڈے خوار دلبر باہجھ نہ دل نوں کدھرے آوے چین قرار سوہنا سانول جے کر مینوں جھلک دیوے ہک وار موہنجھ منجھاری ، کرماں ہاری منگساں نہ کجھ ہور
The jurisprudence is the essence of Islamic teachings. It is the summary of Qurʼān and the soul of Messenger’s (on whom be peace and greetings) sunnah. In general, it represents the sharīaʻh and the path to follow for Islamic lifestyle. Therefore, the significance of its importance is clear in Islamic Studies. The scholars have been kept solving ummah problems through religious principles and will keep solving the problems till the day of judgement. Whenever there arises a new problem, the scholars provide the solution in the lights of Qurʼān and Hadith and set the rules till the day of judgement. Allama ʻAbdul Razzāq Bhutrālwī also presented the solutions to different problem using the same principle i.e. He interprets a Quranic verse in such a way that provide the implied solution for paying ransom to poor against fasting for traveler and patient. Allama ʻAbdul Razzāq Bhutrālwī discussed about the permission for women to visit graveyard by following the orders of Prophet (on whom be peace and greetings), when it was prohibited for everyone to go to graveyards but later on the permission was granted for the same act. In the same way Allama ʻAbdul Razzāq Bhutrālwī presented his argument about the burning or sinking into the water or burying the shabby pages the Holy Qurʼān based on an order of Hazrat Uthman Ghani to burn all the copies of the Holy Qurʼān except Qurat-e-Quraish to bring uniformity
Health and long term care is growing exponentially in wearable biomedical systems. Wearable and flexible diagnostic systems can contribute towards the timely care of patients suffering with chronic health conditions, particularly chronic neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Thousands of lives can be save by using diagnostics and therapeutic techniques. Existing ambulatory system is not able to perform continuous remote monitoring of patients. From the literature review, it is stated that flexible wearable electronic systems have gained intense attention in the last two decades. Wearable antennas have an enormous potential in future healthcare and children applications. The performance such as durability, flexibility, compactness and configurability of flexible antenna is much better than other devices. Due to these reasons the performance process of flexible wearable antenna should be evaluated. The power consumption demand is really dependent on the peculiar application of wearable antennas. However, WBAN devices are mostly battery powered and the battery life time is required to be up to several years. This dissertation shows the designs of flexible and wearable antenna used for biomedical applications in the near vicinity of the human torso. Primarily, a planar flexible antenna is designed on a flannel substrate with the permittivity of 1.45, 2mm thickness and loss tangent of 0.044. The antenna consists of shield conductive textile with a four-sided slot and a compact ground plane to improve the impedance matching characteristics which provides wider bandwidth. The proposed antenna is designed with a flimsy and flexible textile substrate with a measured reflection coefficient below -10dB. Antenna parameters such as radiation pattern, bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are evaluated by using measurements and simulations. The projected design has low power consumptions due to the accomplishment of gain results that was less than 5dB in the frequency between 3GHz and 15GHz. Additionally, this work explores the possibilities of using natural rubber in the conception of a simple microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to work in the UWB spectrum, and the properties of substrate such as thickness, metal width and permittivity are measured. From the results it is concluded that the return loss of the antenna is significantly amended due to the decrease in the substrate thickness and permittivity. In disparity, decreasing the metal thickness will increase the return loss. It is observed, that thicker substrate will yield higher directivity, and lower value of relative permittivity will result in lower directivity. ix Finally, the proposed flexible antennas are validated to meet the requirements for wearable devices, such as being flexible, compact and mechanically robust. Therefore, the influence of bending and wet conditions is also investigated. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed models give satisfactory results under bending and wet environments.