Altogether fifty one large size beams of clay were moulded, compacted, baked, post- reinforced, grouted with cement-sand slurry, cured and tested to study the behaviour of these beams. Different parameters were set in order to check the suitability of these universally available materials of construction, i.e. clay, silt and pit-sand (silica) for low- cost housing without sacrificing durability, the strength and elegance of buildings in the plain areas where the soil is alluvial. Standard materials of construction like hill-sand, coarse aggregate, cement and steel bars are to be transported over large distances for RCC construction. Four Reinforced concrete beams were also cast and tested for the sake of comparison. Preliminary studies were carried out on soil samples collected from twenty five different sites in terms of their physical composition and presence of various salts and other chemicals. Their effect on the strength of baked specimens was also studied. A systematic study was performed experimentally to find the best composition in terms of ratio (clay : pit-sand), the intensity of compression force required for manual moulding and compaction which would impart reasonably good crushing strength to this material (comparable with that of concrete) without compromising on economy. The moisture content was also a parameter of preliminary experimental study to ensure sufficient workability and minimum possible void ratio. The various drying techniques were tried finally to arrive at the best possible system which would not cause cracking. The compressive strength as high as (6100 psi ) 42 N/mm2 has been achieved which can be compared with (3000 psi ) 20 N/mm2 for concrete used in ordinary buildings. The modulus of rupture with a reasonable comparison to ordinary concrete has also been achieved. Flexural behaviour as well as shear strength of beams manufactured from this material were studied for the following cases. 1. Rectangular beams, simply supported subjected to point load at the centre. 2. I-beams, simply supported subjected to point load at the centre. 3. Rectangular beams, supported on plates on both the ends subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load. 4. Rectangular beams, fixed at both the ends subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load 5. Rectangular as well as I-section beams, simply supported with only bottom steel consisting of two bars. 6. Rectangular beams reinforced with four bars two at top and two at bottom, simply supported subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load. 7. Rectangular beams with vertical steel as shear reinforcement, simply supported subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load. 8. Rectangular as well I-section beams subjected to pre-compression to improve the shear strength and simply supported beams subjected to point load at centre and also with Uniformly Distributed Load. 9. Rectangular beams with enhanced compacting force, simply supported as well as plate support on both the ends subjected to point load at centre and also with Uniformly Distributed Load. The beams tested were relatively of large size, 1980 mm (6.5 ft) long, 150 mm (6 inch) thick and 300 mm (12 inch) deep. After shrinkage the final dimensions were determined and the average shrinkage was found, 1868 mm (6.13 ft), 143 mm (0.47 ft) and 286mm (0.94 ft). Several problems were faced and attempts were made to over-come those through various techniques, the details of which are presented in this thesis. The results are encouraging and there is a bright possibility to achieve reasonably good economy if pre-cast panels of this type of materials are produced on mass scale by adopting mechanized system for swift moulding, transportation to the site and erection of the buildings.
نظم کے معنی ’’موتیوں کی لڑی‘‘ کے ہیں۔موتیوں کو لڑی میں پرونا ہے۔لیکن ادبی اصلاح میں نظم سے مراد اشعار کا وہ مجموعہ ہے جس میں کوئی ایک مرکزی خیال ہوتا ہے۔بہت زیادہ اشعار ہونے کی صورت میں خیال کی درجہ بدرجہ بڑھوتری کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے اشعار کو مختلف حصوں میں تقسیم کر لیا جاتا ہے تاکہ نظم کے معنی اور مفہوم کو اجاگر کیا جا سکے۔نظم میں ایک خیال یا تصور کو موضوع بنایا جاتا ہے۔نظم میں اشعار کی تعداد مقرر نہیں ہوتی صرف خیال کے تسلسل کو سامنے رکھا جاتا ہے۔
نظم میں موضوع کی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہوتی۔اس میں کسی بھی موضوع پر اظہار خیال کیا جا سکتا ہے موضوع چاہے تاریخی ہویا جغرافیائی دینی ہویا دنیاوی،تہذیبی ہویا ثقافتی،معاشی ہو یا معاشرتی،سیاسی ہو یا مذہبی،قومی ہو یا انقلابی،قدیم ہو یا جدیدعلمی ہو یا ادبی غرض ہر موضوع اور دنیا کے ہر معاملے،زندگی کے ہر مسئلے اور کائنات کے ہر پہلو پر نظم لکھی جا سکتی ہے۔
موضوع کی طرح نظم کے لیے خاص ہیئت کی پابندی ضروری نہیں جس طرح نظم کا کوئی بھی موضوع منتخب کیا جا سکتا ہے اسی طرح نظم لکھنے کے لیے کوئی بھی ہیئت اختیار کی جا سکتی ہے۔اگرچہ روائیتی طور پر نظم کی کچھ خاص اصناف کے لیے خاص ہیئت مخصوص ہیں۔مگر عام طور پر نظم کے لیے کوئی خاص ہیئت مقرر نہیں کی گئی،یہ بات ہمیں عطا محمد عنبر کی نظموں کی کتاب ’’خدائے سخن‘‘ میں دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے۔انہوں نیاپنے اس شعری مجموعہ میں جو نظمیں شامل کی ہیں۔ان کو مختلف ہیئتوں میں لکھا ہے کہیں کہیں نظم کا تاثر پھیکا پڑتا دکھائی دیتا ہیاور غزلیہ رنگ نمایا ں نظر آتا ہے۔کیونکہ آپ کی بہت ساری نظموں میں سے ایک سے...
Tingkat penularan penyakit COVID-19 pada anak-anak di Indonesia tergolong cukup tinggi. Anak merupakan individu yang riskan dalam penularan COVID-19 karena belum terbentuknya kedewasaan berpikir mengenai bahaya penularan penyakit dan cenderung abai terhadap protokol kesehatan. Penularan COVID-19 di suatu area diawali dengan adanya imported-case, yakni penularan dari daerah lain melalui orang terinfeksi yang berkunjung ke daerah tersebut. Tempat ibadah menjadi sangat potensial untuk dikunjungi warga dari daerah luar kota, tidak terkecuali anak-anak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan jumlah anak yang patuh dan tidak patuh dalam menggunakan masker, mencuci tangan, dan menjaga jarak di tempat ibadah selama pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling dan didapatkan sampel sebanyak 96 orang anak. Hasil pada penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 63, 5% anak memakai masker, 38, 5% anak mencuci tangan, dan 9, 37% anak menjaga jarak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penerapan protokol kesehatan pada anak saat menjalankan ibadah masih sangat rendah, terutama jaga jarak atau physical distancing.
Photocatalytic degradation of slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) through TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 catalysts alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under both UV irradiation and sunlight, and photocatalytic inactivation of pathogens and their regrowth potential in treated SHWW have been investigated in this study. The slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics, including BOD (1078.45 mg/l), COD (2024.5 mg/l) and total nitrogen (83.07 mg/l) were found extremely higher than National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) for BOD (80 mg/l), COD (150 mg/l) and nitrogen (40 mg/l). Thus, the wastewater requires treatment for safe disposal into water bodies. The performance of catalysts (TiO2, Ag-TiO2) alone or combined with other processes was a function of process conditions such as pH of the reaction medium, dose of catalyst, treatment time and type of light source. Catalysts performed well in acidic medium (pH 3) and efficiency of catalysts increased with increasing catalyst dose and treatment time only up to their optimum values. The application of TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 catalysts under UV irradiation (400 W lamp) for the degradation of slaughterhouse wastewater at optimal process conditions (pH 3; catalyst dose of 1 g/l; treatment time of 40 min), resulted in 87.02% BOD, 72.34% COD and 63.89% nitrogen removals and 89.98% BOD, 75.01% COD and 65.09% nitrogen removals respectively. Silver doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) catalyst performed better than TiO2 as silver doping on TiO2 significantly enhances photocatalytic activity and working under sunlight. Under optimum conditions (pH 3, catalyst dose of 1.5 g/l and sunlight exposure time of 90 min), Ag-TiO2 catalyst yielded 85.16% BOD, 73.0% COD and 63% total nitrogen (TN) removal from SHWW, whereas TiO2 showed maximum BOD, COD and nitrogen removal efficiency in the tune of 50%, 40% and 37%, respectively under optimum conditions ((pH 3, catalyst dose of 1.5 g/l and sunlight exposure time of 120 min). The degradation efficiency of Ag-TiO2 combined with H2O2 (Ag-TiO2/H2O2), irrespective of the mode of applications (mobilized, immobilized) and source of light used (UV irradiation, sunlight), was found to be spectacular due to the increase of both synergetic and sustained release of powerful oxidizing hydroxyl radicals of TiO2 nano-particles and H2O2 together with silver ions and electron-hole separations at the surface of nano TiO2 by the silver ions. Thus, under optimum conditions (pH 3, 1 g/l catalyst dose, 40 min UV irradiation exposure time and 0.5 ml/l H2O2) and (pH 3, catalyst dose 1.5 g/l, 90 min sunlight exposure time and 1 ml/l H2O2), maximum BOD, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies reached to 95.08%, 86.66% and 73.51% and 94.15%, 84.34 % and 72.31% under UV irradiation and sunlight, respectively. The application of TiO2 catalyst showed 99.9% elimination of pathogens (total coliform, fecal coliform and escherichia coli) under UV irradiation time of 15 min. Almost same removal efficiency was achieved with TiO2 under sunlight exposure time of 100 min. The disinfection efficiencies of Ag-TiO2 alone and combined processes like TiO2/H2O2, and Ag-TiO2/H2O2, irrespective of light source used (UV irradiation, sunlight) were however amazing due to the synergetic photocatalytic antibacterial activity of TiO2 nano-particles and H2O2 together with silver ions and complete removal of pathogens was obtained at very short treatment time under both UV irradiation and sunlight. The dominance of processes, like Ag-TiO2, TiO2/H2O2 and Ag-TiO2/H2O2 to eliminate pathogens over TiO2 alone under both UV irradiation and sunlight with regard to regrowth of pathogens in slaughterhouse wastewater treated with these processes validated by the fact that there was no regrowth in Ag-TiO2, TiO2/H2O2 and AgTiO2/H2O2 treated SHWW samples in the presence of nutrients and favorable temperature (35oC) even after 21 days period of time. It appears from the results that synergetic photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activities make Ag-TiO2/H2O2 system potentially applicable to treat slaughterhouse wastewater under both light sources.