مرحوم احمد تیمور پاشا
مصر کے ان جدید تعلیم یافتہ اصحاب میں، جنھوں نے گزشتہ ربع صدی میں عربی علم ادب اور اسلامی علوم و فنون کی بیش ازبیش خدمت انجام دی، ایک ہستی احمد تیمور پاشا کی ہے، افسوس ہے کہ انھوں نے گزشتہ ماہ اپریل میں وفات پائی، ان کی مفید تالیفات کے علاوہ وقیع علمی مقالات مصروشام کے ممتاز رسالوں میں شائع ہوتے رہتے تھے اور معارف نے بھی ان کے مضامین ایک سے زیادہ مرتبہ اپنے صفحات میں پیش کئے۔
احمد تیمور پاشا نومبر ۱۸۷۱ء میں مصر کے ایک متمول کرد خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے، یہ خاندان محمد علی پاشا کے عہد میں موصل سے مصر میں آکر آباد ہوا اور اس کے مورث اعلیٰ تیمور بن محمد بن اسمٰعیل بن کرد محمد علی پاشا کے دورِ حکومت مصر میں کے دست راست تھے۔
احمد تیمور پاشا ابھی چند ہی دن کے تھے کہ ان کے والد اسمٰعیل تیمور پاشا کا انتقال ہوگیا اور ان کی تربیت ان کی شاعرہ و ادیبہ بہن عائشہ نے کی، انھوں نے ان کو بچپن ہی میں ایک فرانسیسی مدرسہ ’’مارسیل‘‘ میں داخل کردیا، چند سال کی تعلیم و تربیت کے بعد جب انھیں عربی علم و ادب سے زیادہ شغف ہوا تو فرانسیسی مدرسہ سے نکل کر گھر ہی پر عربی علوم و آداب کی باقاعدہ تحصیل شروع کی اور اس عہد کے مشہور اساتذۂ مصر کے سامنے زانوے ادب تہ کیا، چنانچہ ان کے اساتذہ کی فہرست میں مصر کے ممتاز فاضل شیخ رضوان بن محمد مغلاتی، شیخ حسن طویل، شیخ محمد محمود ترکزی شنقیطی، شیخ محمد عبدہ اور علامہ طاہر جزائری وغیرہ ہیں، انھیں اساتذہ سے علوم عربیہ صرف و نحو، فقہ، منطق، حدیث اور علوم قرآن میں مہارت حاصل کی اور ان علوم کے ماسوا فرانسیسی زبان میں خاص دستگاہ پہلے حاصل ہوچکی...
Impact of Christian Monasticism and Islamic Mysticism on Various Aspects of Human Life: An Analysis from Islamic Perspective The science of Islamic belief "علم العقيدة" has been considered as most significant disciplines among different branches of knowledge as it played an essential, rather cardinal role in human life. This scholarly work intends to look into development of Monasticism in Christianity and Mysticism in Islam in different phases and its impact upon human life. Qualitative and descriptive research methodology has been applied for analysis of data. The research has particularly addressed four noteworthy aspects of the theme: firstly, Historical development of Monasticism in Christianity, secondly; Development of monastic tendencies in Islamic mysticism thirdly; Reflections of Monasticism upon various aspects of human life, and finally; Analysis of Monasticism in the light of Quran and Sunnah. The review of literature disclosed that monasticism is one of the main contributions of Christianity which later on influenced Islamic mysticism. Through centuries of contact it has left an immense influence upon Muslim societies which has changed the real picture of Islam. In the beginning, it was considered the source of self-purification but unfortunately lately it has developed into more mundane phenomenon. Recently it has been utilized as a source of income for spiritual masters and has produced complex mixture of superstitions for the community. Despite of that it has been argued that the real form of Mysticism could not be overlooked thus the Islamic mysticism has been divided into three categories by Muslim scholars: legislated (شرعي), heresy (بدعي), and infidelity (كفري). In this short paper the main focus will be on the impact of Christian monasticism on Islamic Sufism in general and that of Islamic Sufism on social life in particular.
Vertebrate pests e.g. rodents, rabbits, bats, birds, ungulates etc. cause major
problem for humans, agriculture & environment. In this study, only mouse and rabbits were
selected for the study of their biology and how they can be controlled to obviate the damage
they cause to agriculture and its by-products.
They are found freely on terrestrial ecosystem, mainly in food crops, warehouses,
gardens, in homes etc. Mainly they live by digging holes or by making tunnels in the ground.
They are smaller sized mammals but most active around the clock. They have sharp
teeth, well adapted sense of smell and hearing. They have whiskers on their mouth that
provide special sense to run away from threat place or to detect what is happening around.
Mice are mainly nocturnal & their presence can be detected by several ways like
tracks, burrows, gnawing activity, and faecal droppings. Rabbit presence can also be detected
by faeces, tunnels, tracks etc.
Mice are sporadic feeders. Their diet mainly consist of cereals, dry fruits, nuts,
butter etc., while rabbits are opportunistic feeders, mainly herbivores found eating grasses,
fruits, vegetables etc.
As they are part of nature and are necessary to maintain balance in ecosystem,
aesthetic value of nature, but they become most irritating when they rush to human localities
and found causing damage there.
They are very active and motile and sometimes it becomes difficult to observe
their activities. By practising a single method to control them and avoid damage they are
causing is mostly insufficient. To trap them, several different strategies are adopted so that
they can be managed properly and amount of loss can be reduced.
Mostly they infect humans by causing diseases to them directly or indirectly,
moreover they spoil food, damage the crops, and destroy warehouses & the risk increases
many times if they destroy the seeds that have to be sown in the next growing season. Several
methods can be applied to control these pests that are practically very important against them.
These methods include cage trapping, habitat modification, and control by using rodenticides,
anticoagulants and other toxins.
Biological control is most safe way to manage them, as no risk factors are
involved in this strategy. Predators like hawks, fox, wild cats and dogs etc. are introduced in
affected area for selected vertebrate pests (mouse and rabbit) to get rid of them effectively.
Their predators easily locate and prey on these pests.