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Formulation and Validation of Framework to Measure Sustainable Supply Chain Performance With Regards to Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green Practices

Thesis Info

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Author

Khan, Rai Waqas Azfar

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering Management

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/14480/1/Rai%20Waqas%20Azfar%20Khan_Engg%20Mngt_2017_NUST_21%20Dec.%202017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727762710

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This particular research work provided a better understanding for the practices of existing supply chain paradigms i.e., lean, agile, resilient and green which is commonly known as LARG; and how these LARG practices of Supply Chain (SC) impact the performance of SC. To measure the performance of SC three sub-factors were identified from literature i.e., operational performance, economic performance, and environmental performance. Measuring the performance of LARG practices of SC is entirely under researched area, as it has never been attempted by researcher before. To measure the performance of LARG practices of SC a framework was theorized after through literature review. The performance evaluation of LARG practices of SC provided the supervisors with better understandings about the areas where the performance of SC could be enriched. Moreover, it could also be identified that what are the areas which require special attention so that better performance could be achieved. Measurement of SC performance allowed not only the suppliers but also the retail distributors to evaluate their own performance as well as performance of their sub-contractors. Likewise, it also provided the opportunity to recognize what elements enhance the SC performance and what all factors weaken the SC performance. There should be equilibrium among the sub factors of performance i.e., operational performance, economic performance, and environmental performance. The previously available research studies relating to the topic of LARG practices of SC paradigms have been carried out independently; because there is not even a single research study available in which all four LARG paradigms of SC has been evaluated simultaneously and no effort has been made to empirically validate any of LARG paradigms. It is also worth mentioning that there is no single research study available in which impact of LARG practices of SC have been evaluated on the performance of SC having three sub factors i.e., operational performance, economic performance and environmental performance. So this is the very first study in which key performance indicators are identified and developed to form four constructs of independent variable i.e., lean, agile, resilient and green and three constructs of dependent variables i.e., operational performance, economic performance and environmental performance. Subsequently the indicators for the constructs were selected, basing upon these indicators final items were also adapted with the help of previous literature. Afterwards by using these indicators and constructs few hypotheses were suggested and basing upon these hypotheses a conceptual framework was formulated. For the empirical validation of this framework mixed methodology approach was applied in this thesis, the theorized conceptual framework was tested in two phases. In first phase the causal relationships were evaluated at the indicator to indicator level; indicators were compared for four independent and three dependent level variables with the help of five Pakistani textile industry‘s qualitative case studies. In these qualitative case studies, firstly the perception is recorded for the importance of every indicator and then subsequently actual implementation level of these indicators in the said case study industries was recorded. Consequently, the causal loop diagram technique was used to measure the causal relationship of every indicator of independent variable with every indicator of dependent variable. The results of causal loop diagram provided us the general view of causal relationships amongst indicators of depend and independent variables. The qualitative case study analysis results facilitated us to conclude that the executives involved in the textile industry SC, not only give due importance but also actually implement these LARG practices of SC and likewise to the measures of SC performance; which accordingly better revealed the impacts of these practices on the performance of SC. The results and conclusion of this exploratory type of qualitative analysis helped us to understand that how this framework could be useful for Pakistani textile industry particularly and global textile industry generally. Theorized conceptual framework was empirically validated in second phase with the help large scale quantitative analysis. This is the unique attempt in which the scale was adapted from state of the art literature review, which was not only tested for reliability but also for different kinds of validity which included, face; content; discriminant and convergent validity using SPSS 20 and AMOS 20 soft wares. The large-scale data of survey responses was obtained by using this reliable and validated instrument form Pakistani manufacturing industries and then this data was transferred to SPSS for further analysis. After carrying out initial descriptive statistics analysis, Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS-20 software, to test four main and twelve sub hypotheses. These hypotheses testing enabled us to empirically validate the theorized conceptual framework. The SEM, hypotheses testing results and goodness of fit statistics showed that there is no issue in theorizing of the conceptual framework, as well as empirically validation of the theorized conceptual framework. Empirically validated framework in third phase was also case tested where LARG framework was applied on China Pakistan Economic Corridor as a case study; for verification of the results scenario planning technique was applied.
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Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Metronidazole Tablet With Hplc Method Validation

The choice of an analytical method is usually governed by the intrinsic analytical properties of the drug molecule or its amenability to chemical derivatisation to render it compatible to quantitation. The reliability of the quantitation depends on these analytical techniques. Currently, reversed phase high–performance liquid chromatography with UV detection represents the analytical method of choice for the quantitative determination of raw material, in-processes formulation, finished products as well as in the biological matrix. Metronidazole is one of the most effective and clinically very useful and popular antibacterial agent which also possess antiprotozoal action. The clinical importance of these agent is continuously increasing with the passage of time, as the infections are caused by the different pathogens/microorganisms. In the proposed study first developed the analytical method for the determination of metronidazole then validate it for the evaluation of pharmaceutical property of different brands of metronidazole 200mg and 400mg available in the local market as per ICH guideline. The parameters that used for the validation were specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of detection, quantitation and stability of drug in mobile phase as well as in biological matrix. The mobile phase was comprised of 0.01 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffered at pH 3.0 and acetonitrile in ratio of 83: 17. The drug was eluted from C18 column (5µm; 250 mm X 4.6 mm). The % RSD of peak areas of metronidazole was 0.03% and the mean retention time of six consecutive injections was 5.333 minutes. The LOD and LOQ of the method was 8.14ng/mL and 32.56ng/mL respectively. The drug was stable in mobile phase as well as in plasma up to 28 days that shows the method can be used successfully not only for the raw material and finished product but also for pharmacokinetic study in human. A new formulation (ODT) was developed with the use of different super disintegrants such as sodium bicarbonate and crospovidone. Comparison of disintegration and friability of the tablets showed that the tablet with crospovidone is more close to our objective. The optimization study was performed with the aid of software “DesignExpert 9.0.1, State Ease Inc.” The amount of crospovidone and HPMC per batch were taken as independent variable to assess their effect on the disintegration time and friability of the formulation. Central composite design was selected for optimization process and number of batches were prepared. The amount of X1 (Crospovidone) and X2 (HPMC) predicted by the software with the desirability of 1.0 were 37.76mg and 16.71mg respectively. A check point batch were prepared based on these predicted amounts to confirm the validity of the design for this optimization process. The results revealed that by increasing the concentration of crospovidone in formulation decreases disintegration time of tablets which is quite expected as it enhances the wicking property of the formulation. Similarly, it was also observed that increase in concentration of HPMC significantly decreases the % friability of the tablets as it improves the cohesive binding forces. The check point batch was subjected to stability studies after blistering for 06 months. All the tests performed as per USP for the physicochemical and stability evaluation periodically at time interval of 3 months and 6 months. The results were then compared with the initial results to evaluate the stability characteristics of the formulation. The results showed no significant differences at time intervals of 0, 3 and 6 months. Hence the formulation found to be well stable under the recommended conditions (temperature: 40 ± 2°C & % RH: 75 ± 5%). The friability was between 0.47% - 0.50%, disintegration time was between 15 – 16 seconds and in vitro dissolution at three different time intervals i.e. 0, 3 and 6 months were between 98.08 - 98.29% during the entire period of stability studies. No significant variation observed in content assay of stability batch throughout the study period. The CDP of metronidazole 200mg, 400mg brands and formulated tablets were performed in three dissolution mediums i.e. pH 1.2 buffer, pH 4.5 buffer & pH 6.8 buffer. The samples were withdrawn at different time intervals i.e. at 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes and absorbance was taken at λmax 278.0 nm. Percent dissolution calculated with the help of Microsoft excel add-in “DD Solver” v1.0 found to be ≥ 85% within 15 minutes which indicates that dissolution is not a rate limiting step in the bioavailability of these tablets. Different dissolution models were also applied to verify the drug release pattern between the marketed and formulated drug and it was found that the pattern release of the formulated tablets is same as that of the marketed and innovator brands