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Home > Hydrogeological Modeling for Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Groundwater Fluctuation and Quality: A Case Study in Lower Chenab Canal, Pakistan

Hydrogeological Modeling for Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Groundwater Fluctuation and Quality: A Case Study in Lower Chenab Canal, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Awais

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11529/1/Muhammad%20%20awais%20water%20resources%20engg%202019.doc

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727770666

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Groundwater is imperative for global food production, lifeline for all types of agriculture, cultures associated with it and inhabitants around the globe. In Pakistan, irrigation water supplies for 40-60% area are met through groundwater resources depending upon rainfall variability. The 70 percent farming community of the province Punjab, Pakistan fulfill their crop water demands either directly or indirectly from groundwater. Resultantly, the aquifer has depleted and deterioration in groundwater quality is observed due to upcoming of saline water. A detailed investigation was carried out to address the aforementioned issues in Lower Chenab Canal (LCC-E) command area of Punjab, Pakistan. The field data from 2005-2013 were utilized for the analysis of prevailing groundwater levels and GIS mapping was used to study the groundwater quality patterns. The field data from 2005-2013 of water levels and quality patterns were analyzed and mapped by employing GIS. A three dimensional groundwater flow model employing USGS developed code MODFLOW-2005 was used for existing and future predictions of groundwater levels up to 2033, and MT3DMS transport model was utilized for groundwater quality assessment. The model was calibrated manually for the steady state initially; the groundwater levels for the year 2006 were used as the initial conditions and hydraulic conductivity values were adjusted to have a close agreement between observed and simulated heads. The Parameter estimation tool acronym as ‘PEST’ was utilized for transient state calibration of the model. The transient state calibration was done for the years-2006-2011. The calibrated model was validated with a different data set for the years 2011-2013. To predict the model results and to simulate the future response of the aquifer under changed recharge and pumping, a number of future scenarios were developed. The hydrodynamics of the groundwater flow were studied for two decades i.e.up to year 2033.The results of the future predictions of groundwater levels under Scenario-I, which represent the business as usual conditions, showed that there was a net gain of water levels in upper parts of the study area and lowering of water levels in central and lower parts. A maximum of 5.17m decline and 5m increase in water levels was anticipated in LCC. The percentage of good quality area decreased slightly with 1% change from 2013, whereas 2.5% decrease in area under marginal category was observed while area under unsuitable quality groundwater was expected to be increased from 24.8% to 28.6% in LCC. The predicted results of Scenario-II with increased pumping following historical trends showed an overall decline in the complete LCC. Maximum drawdown is anticipated in Bhagat Sub Division which shows up to 15.68m decline. The area under good quality water will also be significantly dropped from 49% to only 7%. The area under marginal category will have a boom from 41% to 55%, whereas the area under unsuitable category will also be increased manifold from 10% to 38%. The piezometric water levels for the spatially adjusted recharge and discharge patterns under the future scenario-III revealed an overall decline in water levels in the upper four sub divisions, whereas an overall recovery in the water levels was observed in lower five subdivisions of the study area where irrigation recharge was allowed to increase. The area under good quality water which was pre -dominantly in the upper subdivisions have shrinked significantly from 49% to 19%, area under marginal quality groundwater has increased manifold from 41% to 57%. Similar kind of trends were observed in unsuitable category groundwater which has increased enormously from 10% to 24%. The simulation under H3B2 future climate change scenario showed some interesting results. The declining water level trends in all the subdivisions were observed. Tarkhani Sub Division is expected to have maximum dropdown of 4.77m. Minimum drop down in water level was anticipated for Sultanpur subdivision i.e. 0.51m. The predicted results for water quality status shown degraded water quality status in the entire LCC. Only 19.7% area would sustain its status of having good quality of water, 49.3% area will have marginal quality of groundwater whereas 31% area would be converted to unsuitable quality of groundwater in the LCC.
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محمد سعید بھٹہ ایڈووکیٹ

محمد سعید بھٹہ ایڈووکیٹ

ایک جہد مسلسل ،ایک طاقت ،ایک جرات ،ایک مزاحمتی کردار ،ایک جذبہ ایک ہمت ،ایک رول ماڈل ،ہر دلعزیز بلند پایہ مقرر افکارو نظریات کا پاسبان اور اس بانجھ معاشرے میں ایک روشن دماغ کا نام محمد سعید بھٹہ ہے ۔سیاست اور پارٹی انھیں وراثت میں ملی ہے ۔

 

Phase-dependent expression profiling and quantification of several growth factors in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Growth factors are the potential operational members which control different phases of liver regeneration. Different growth factors have expression regulation in the whole process relating to different phases of liver regeneration. Objective: To assess the expression regulation of different growth factors and cytokines involved in liver regeneration in a phase-dependent manner. Methods: Blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th postoperative days after 50% Partia hepatectomy (PHx). Results: Steady increase of liver regeneration rate was recorded from 90.8% (1st day) to 97.9% (7th day). Liver function tests further confirmed the steady liver recovery in PHx mice. Several growth factors such as HGF and VEGF exhibited an up-regulation till 5th day and later gradual decrease till 14th day compared to control mice. Albumin, CK18 and CK19 showed sequential expression increase from 1st to 14th day compared to AFP and HNF-4α upregulated until 5th and 1st day, respectively. Quantification of these growth factors further confirm our results. Conclusions: Conclusively, these results highlight a phase-dependent regulation and role of growth factors in liver regeneration and recovery

Synergic Extraction of Rare Earth Elements Using Picrolonic Acid and Other Neutral Oxo-Donors

Extensive work is being carried on the extraction of rare earth elements due to their special chemical, metallurgical, optical, magnetic and nuclear properties and their use in advanced technologies as well as in nuclear industry. Different chemical processes are being applied for the extraction of rare earth elements from their ores and their mutual separation on laboratory scale as well as on commercial basis. However, these processes are facing problems such as large number of stages due to low separation factor, low efficiency and waste management. Keeping in view of these problems, in the present research work, a synergic extraction system comprising of picrolonic acid as an acidic chelating agent and oxygen based neutral donors, for the extraction / separation of rare earth elements has been studied. Synergic extraction of Ce(III), Nd(III), Eu(III), Tb(III), Tm(III) and Lu(III) as representative of trivalent lanthanides, using picrlonic acid (1-p-nitrophenyl-3-methyl-4- nitro-5-pyrazolone, HPA, pKa = 2.52) as acidic chelating agent with crown ether such as 18- crown-6 (18C6), Benzo-15crown-5 (B15C5), 12crown4 (12C4) as neutral oxo-donors in chloroform from aqueous buffer solution of pH 1-2 having ionic strength 0.1 mol L -1 (K + /H + , Cl - ) has been studied. Radiotracer technique using their appropriate radio-isotopes prepared in the research reactor of PINSTECH such as Ce 141 , Nd 147 , Sm 151 , Eu 152/154 , Tb 160 , Tm 170 , Lu 177 , Hg 203 , Fe 59 etc., were used for the quantification of metal ions in the aqueous and organic phases. Quantitative extraction (>98%) of these metal ions was observed only using HPA and B15C5 synergic mixture at pH 2 within five minutes and the extraction was increased with the increase in ionic radii of lanthanide ions. Composition of the extracted species was determined by slope analysis method and found to be Ln(PA)3.nS, where Ln represent lanthanide ion, PA conjugate base of HPA molecule and S as neutral oxo-donor. The value of n is 1 and 2. Among the various cations and anions tested for their influence on iiithe extraction these lanthanides only Fluoride, oxalate, Cu(II) , Fe(II) and Zn(II) had some deleterious effect. The proposed synergic system presented clean separation of lanthanide ions from mono, and various divalent metal ions especially alkali and alkaline earth metal ions. The effect of other neutral donors such as trioctylphosphineoxide (TOPO), triphenylphosphineoxide (TPPO), tributylphosphate (TBP) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) was also studied on the extraction of Eu(III). Quantitative extraction of Eu(III) was observed with TOPO, TPPO and TBP from aqueous phase of pH2. Synergic adduct composition was found to be Eu(PA) 3 TBP, Eu(PA) 3 .2TOPO and Eu(PA) 3 .2TPPO by slope analysis method. On the basis of the estimated values of the synergic coefficient, and extraction constants (log K ex ), the oxo-donor effect was found in the order of TOPO>TPPO>TBP. The effect of various diluents such as 1-octanol (ONL), 1-hexanol (HNL), 1-butanol (nBNL), 2-butanol (2-BNL), n-butylether (BE), dichloroethylether (DCEE), acetylacetone (ACAC), diisobutylketone (DIBK), cyclohexanone (CHN), benzene, toluene on the extraction of Eu(III) from aqueous solution of pH 1-2 using HPA as extractant has been studied. The extraction of Eu(III) using benzene and toluene was found to be negligible, with 1 & 2-butanol it was low (< 50%), where as with the other diluents studied, the extraction was quantitative at pH 2. On the basis of log K ex , the solvents can be arranged with respect to their extractability in the order ACAC > DIBK > BE > DCEE > ONL > HNL > CHN. To find the trend of lanthanide extraction within the series, three solvents CHN, ONL and DCEE as representative of ketones, alcohols and ethers, respectively, were selected for the extraction of Ce(III), Tb(III) and Lu(III) using HPA as chelating agent from aqueous solutions of pH 1-2, quantitative extraction was observed at pH2 and their extraction order was found to be Ce(III)>Tb(III) >Lu(III).The composition of the extracted adduct was found to be M(PA) 3 in CHN, ONL and M(PA) 3 .HPA in DCEE by slope analysis method. ivThe synergic mixture comprising HPA and B15C5 in benzene and toluene separately were studied for the extraction of Eu(III) from aqueous solution of pH 1-2 and quantitative extraction was observed at pH 1 with both the solvents. On the basis of their estimated values of synergic coefficient and log K ex , benzene was found to be better solvent than toluene. The composition of the synergic adduct was found to be Eu(PA) 3 .2B15C5 and proposed to be a sandwich type complex having one crown ether molecule on either side of the metal chelate bound to the central metal only through three oxygen atoms.