The present study focuses on the facial expression recognition. Communication is fundamental to humans. Many scientific research studies have shown that most part of the human communication is nonverbal (55% to 93%). The next generation computing; such as, pervasive computing, and ambient intelligence, needs to develop human- centered systems that readily react to multimodal human communication occurring naturally. This bulk of information through nonverbal communication is ignored in traditional human-computer-interaction (HCI) and sufficed on user''s intentional input only. A system is needed, which has the ability to identify and realize the intentions and emotions as expressed by social and affective indicators. The research on facial expression recognition (FER) has been under focus in computer vision field for a couple of decades; however, there are many questions that need to be answered. This thesis addressed a few of them. Facial expressions are of two types; spontaneous and posed. The present study showed that these two types of expressions are different in many aspects. The factors such as lighting, pose, head movement, cultural variations etc. make spontaneous expressions more difficult and challenging to recognize. The objective of the study is to develop a system that is robust enough to such variations. A major deficiency in FER area is the unavailability of a database that can be a representative of all such variations. Researchers believe that this goal is far away to be achieved. So, in the absence of such database, we proposed incremental learning as a good alternate solution. With the incremental learning capability, the proposed systems have ability to adjust themselves in any environment and culture. Furthermore, we started to develop a facial expression database for various cultures. We proposed three FER systems based on incremental learning and conducted a vast range of experimentation and comparisons. A multinomial classifier is proposed and developed to optimize the nearest neighbor classifier based on template matching. Various similarity measures are studied and compared. A dynamically weighted majority voting (DWMV) mechanism is proposed to create better generalization in ensemble systems that is necessary for real world scenarios. Diversity is probably the most desired property of ensemble based systems. We proposed and developed a diversity boosting based algorithm to construct ensemble classifier for high performance. Detailed performance comparisons on widely adopted facial expression databases along with spontaneous vs posed expression comparisons are performed. Most studies in this area used same databases for training and testing, and showed good results with no cross dataset evaluations. We conducted a vast range of experiments on six benchmark databases (MUG, MMI, CK, CK+, FEEDTUM, JAFFE) plus our own multi-cultural database. Cross database experiments performed and showed soundness of our proposed systems. We compared the results of our proposed systems with latest and previously proposed FER techniques. The results showed the soundness of our proposed methods. All these investigations and contributions provide useful insight into enhancing the robustness and efficiency of FER systems, and making them to perform better in real world applications.
یہ مونوگراف 2016ء میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ اردو اکادمی دہلی نے ادبا و شعرا کے مختصر حالات زندگی اور ان کی منتخب تحریروں کو شائع کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا تاکہ نئی نسل بھی ہمارے مشا ہیر کی زندگیوں اور کارناموں سے واقفیت حاصل کر سکے۔ اس سلسلہ میں اقبال کے حوالہ سے مونو گراف تیار کرنے کی ذمہ داری پروفیسر عبد الحق کو سونپی گئی جو آپ نے احسن طریقے سے نبھائی۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے پہلے شاہ حاتم دہلوی پر ایک مونوگراف شائع کیا تھا۔ جسے بہت پسند کیا گیا۔ یہ کئی بار شائع بھی ہوا۔ مونوگراف میں سوانح ، تصانیف اور انتخاب کا مختصر مگر جامع نقشہ پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس کے لیے بہت مہارت کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کےجو مونو گراف بھی نظر سے گزرے ہیں وہ ان خوبیوں سے متصف ہیں۔ اقبال کی زندگی کے حوالہ سے ”زندہ رود“ کو بہت اہمیت حاصل ہے۔ یہ کتاب بہت زیادہ تفصیل لیے ہوئے ہے۔ مونوگراف کا مقصد اس تفصیل سے اختصار اخذ کرنا ہوتا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے دیگر کتب کا ذکر اقبال اور علامہ اقبال کی شخصیت اور فن کےعلاوہ زندہ رود کو بھی بطور ماخذ استعمال کیا ہے جس سے اقبال کی زندگی کے شب و روز کا شاندار نقشہ فرزند اقبال کی زبانی ہمارے سامنے آتا ہے۔ کلیات اقبال اردو سب سے زیادہ شائع ہونے والی کتاب ہے۔ اس کا مطلب ہے کہ اتنے سال گزرنے کے بعد بھی اقبال کی شہرت تو کیا اقبال کے فکر وفن میں کوئی کمی نہیں آئی بلکہ اقبال کے فکر وفن کو سمجھنے والوں کی تعداد میں روز بہ روز اضافہ ہی ہوا ہے۔ پہلے دو مونوگراف سامنے آئے ہیں ان میں کلام اقبال سے انتخاب پیش کیا گیا ہے۔ اس مونو گراف میں بھی انتخاب پیش کیا ہے۔...
Pakistan is behind many other countries in the Asia region in reducing poverty. Dedicated poverty reduction Programmes so far were mainly done by NGOs using livelihood and microfinance approaches and since 2008 through the Benazir Income Support Programme’s cash transfer scheme. Recently, the office of the Prime Minister established Ehsaas Strategy which combines the various poverty reduction and social protection approaches in the country under one Programme. This paper argues that a stronger focus on effective income generating poverty reduction Programmes would be needed to make poverty reduction more successful.
In the present research study, the biosorption of Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67 onto free, CMC immobilized, PVA-alginate immobilized and modified rice (Oryza sativa) husk was investigated in a batch mode using different process parameters like pH, particle size, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. Maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH=1 for Everdirect Orange-3GL pH 3.0 for other three the dyes for free, immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent. The amount of dyes sorbed (mg/g) decreased with an increase in biosorbent dose and increased with increase in initial dyes concentration and temperature. Comparison of free, immobilized and HCl treatments showed that the HCl treated biosorbent exhibited the highest biosorption capacity 29.981mg/g (at 125 mg/l), 67.39 mg/g, 45.345 mg/g at 200 mg/l and 37.918 mg/g (at 200 mg/l) for Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67, respectively. The Langmuir Type 1 and 2 models were best fitted to experimental data for free, CMC, PVA-alginate immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent in case of Everdirect Orange-3GL dye, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and the correlation coefficient of Langmuir Type 2 was the highest for Direct Blue-67. The biosorption of all four dyes followed the pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Negative values of (DG°) for direct dyes at high temperatures showed that the process was spontaneous in nature at high temperature. The positive value of DH° showed the endothermic nature of the process. The value of DS° suggested that randomness increased after adsorption of dyes. Due to high uptake capacity rice husk could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution. FT- IR, XRD, SEM studies and BET analysis were carried out to characterize the unloaded and dye loaded biosorbent. A 5 3 full factorial analysis experiment was also studied to determine the biosorption capacity of dyes onto rice husk biomass. Main and interaction effects were analyzed by ANOVA, F-test and p-values. The maximum biosorption was obtained at high initial dyes concentration, low biosorbent dose and low pH values for all dyes. In this research, the influence of electrolytes, heavy metals and surfactants on the removal of direct dyes (50 mg/L) was also examined. Industrial effluents were also removed by rice husk efficiently. Sorption/desorption studies showed that the rice husk biosorbent could be reused successfully and efficiently up to three cycles with four dyes.