This study is an endeavor to explore the factors behind poor performance in the manufacturing sector (discrete/engineering sector) in particular and miscellaneous industry in general of Pakistan. Through this study, author has attempted to suggest a policy framework and development of the expert system that will improve the day to day manufacturing operations of an organization. A coherent search of literature and cohesive exploration of data from repository of GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor), Economic Survey of Pakistan etc. and other published literature reveal that poor growth rate of manufacturing sector and its dismal contribution to the GDP (Gross domestic product ) is due to the lack of adopting modern manufacturing techniques at organization level. Japanese techniques (JTs) like JIT, 5S, Kaizen, Quality Circle, TPM, Poka-Yoke, zero defect, cellular manufacturing and work improvement teams, have been adopted/implemented by manufacturing organizations in good numbers, worldwide to improve their competitiveness and performance. The nature and degree of success through the use of the above techniques has, however, been nations’ specific in general. The study also provides insight about the experience of Pakistani industry regarding the implementation of JTs. A structured instrument (questionnaire) containing both closed and open-ended questions were used for collecting the critical information. The collected data is subjected to descriptive analysis, hypothesis testing, and co-relation analysis. Besides, elucidating general information about implementation of JTs namely, post implementation ages, status of implementation, effectiveness, triggers prompting to adopt JTs and factors facilitating implementation of JTs. The investigation explodes the significant relations between various outcomes, benefits and specific techniques such as JTs. Thus the proposed expert system enables both the user and the policy maker to suggest specific technique(s) to address particular sicknesses of the industry in order to obtain desired outcome/benefit. Based on the significance of the relationships between techniques and effects, a frame work of the remedial policy has been put forth. The work forms a basis for regional and cluster specific research in future.
اک وار دی گل اے کہ اک بندہ اپنے پنڈ توں دوجے پنڈ کسے کم نال جا رہیا ہوندا اے۔ ایہہ پنڈ اوس دے پنڈ توں بہت دور ہوندا اے۔ سفر کردے ہوئے اوہنوں اک ویران جگہ اُتے شام پے جاندی اے۔ اوتھے اوہنوں کوئی گھر نظر نئیں آندا۔ جتھے اوہ رات گزار سکے۔ تھوڑا ہور فاصلہ کرن توں بعد اوہنوں دوروں اک گھر وچ روشنی نظر آندی اے۔ اوہ اوس روشنی ول سفر کر کے اوس گھر اپڑ جاندا اے۔ اوہدے بوہے اُتے دستک دیون توں بعد گھر وچوں اک مائی نکلدی اے تے اوس کولوں دستک دیون دی وجہ پچھدی اے۔ اوہ آکھدا اے کہ اوہ اک مسافر اے تے اوہنوں سفر وچ شام پے گئی اے۔ اوہ مائی نوں آکھدا اے کہ اج دی رات مینوں ایتھے سون دی اجازت دیو۔ میں سویر چلا جاواں گا۔ مائی اوس نوں اندر لے آندی اے تے سون لئی اک منجی دے دیندی اے۔
مائی بڑی کنجوس ہوندی اے اوہ اوس نوں کھاون لئی کجھ نئیںدیندی۔ کافی دیر بھکھے رہن توں بعد اوس نوں اک خیال آندا اے تے اوہ مائی نوں آکھدا اے کہ اماں توں کدے کواڑی دی کھچڑی کھاہدی اے۔ مائی آکھدی اے کہ نہیں پترا۔ اوہ مائی نوں آکھدا اے کہ میں اج تہانوں کھچڑی بنا کے کھوانا واں بس توں مینوں کواڑی تے برتن دے۔ مائی اوس نوں برتن دے دیندی اے۔ اوہ کواڑی نوں برتن وچ رکھ کے اوہدے وچ پانی پاندا اے تے برتن نوں چلہے اُتے رکھ دیندا اے۔
کجھ دیر توں بعد اوہ مائی نوں آکھدا اے کہ اماں جے ایہدے وچ تھوڑے جیہے چول تے تھوڑی دال پا دتی جاوے تاں کھچڑی بڑی مزے دار بنے گی۔ مائی اوس نوں چول تے دال دے دیندی...
This study aims to calculate the allowance for losses by applying Gaussian Process regression to estimate future claims. Modeling is done on motor vehicle insurance data. The data used in this study are historical data on PT XYZ's motor vehicle insurance business line during 2017 and 2019 (January 2017 to December 2019). Data analysis will be carried out on the 2017 - 2019 data to obtain an estimate of the claim reserves in the following year, namely 2018 - 2020. This study uses the Chain Ladder method which is the most popular loss reserving method in theory and practice. The estimation results show that the Gaussian Process Regression method is very flexible and can be applied without much adjustment. These results were also compared with the Chain Ladder method. Estimated claim reserves for PT XYZ's motor vehicle business line using the chain-ladder method, the company must provide funds for 2017 of 8,997,979,222 IDR in 2018 16,194,503,605 IDR in 2019 amounting to Rp. 1,719,764,520 for backup. Meanwhile, by using the Bayessian Gaussian Process method, the company must provide funds for 2017 of 9,060,965,077 IDR in 2018 amounting to 16,307,865,130 IDR, and in 2019 1,731,802,871 IDR for backup. The more conservative Bayessian Gaussian Process method. Motor vehicle insurance data has a short development time (claims occur) so that it is included in the short-tail type of business.
Early childhood education plays a fundamental role in developing a child's personality and attitude towards life. That is why it is imperative to provide quality education in the early years in order to build a healthy and productive life for every child. Recognizing the importance of investing in Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) some public and private institutions and organization began providing training to ECED teachers. In view of this emerging demand the Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development (AKU-IED) continues to playa vital role in initiating and offering (ECED) Certificate in Education (Cert.Ed) Programmes for teachers all over Pakistan. This study explores the current teaching practices of AKU-IED ECED: Cert.Ed Programme graduates in promoting active learning in two private schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Within the qualitative research paradigm an "exploratory" case study approach was used to carry out this study with an aim to observe the current teaching and learning practices in two private schools and its affect on the child's holistic development. Structured and semi structured interviews and observations as tools were used for data collection. The findings of this study reveal that both the graduates of AKU-IED execute their learning from training in their classroom practices. The classroom environment provided evidence of the presence of active learning situations. Classroom space created for early learners and child friendly teaching approaches promoted active learning. Teachers perceptions of post Cert.Ed., Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) programme at AKU-IED reflected their positive learning experiences from the programme to a shift from traditional learning experiences to new ways on how children learn; independently through choices, manipulating the material, and interaction through language with peer and by teacher support. The synthesis of this study uncovers the contribution of AKU-IED certificate programme 2008 in influencing the teachers' pedagogical skills as they brought new and innovative ideas and strategies for addressing diverse needs of students through the active learning approach. Classroom observations demonstrated that teachers engendered enthusiasm and eagerness to bring changes in their teaching practices, creating an enjoyable and active learning environment. However, the teachers were found to be restricted by the head teacher and the policy-makers of the school whose agenda appeared more towards syllabus completion and assessing the performances of the students. Besides, parents who had a similar agenda for their children to achieve high grades in order to make it to the zenith in an academically challenging world.