Measurements of three fluidic parameters i.e. velocity / flow rate / wall shear stress, pressure and temperature are crucial in many industrial applications including aerospace, automobile, bio-medical and process control etc. The key requirement is to measure these parameters at very fine spatial resolutions, which ultimately depends upon the size of measuring device. Size minimization is possible only through Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or mirco-fabrication technology. Therefore, using a novel SOI CMOS fabrication process, this thesis develops a multi-sensing platform that measures these three fluidic parameters, simultaneously.The developed chip has dimensions of just 1.6 mm × 1.6 mm as compared with the minimum chip size of 3.8 mm × 3.8 mm reported previously, thus improving the flow spatial resolution by 82.2%. The developed multi-sensing chip includes a thermal flow sensor, a piezoresistive pressure sensor and a Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) based temperature sensor. Before integrating these sensors in a single chip, their material and design optimization have been carried out. Ashby‟s materials selection methodology has been used to select the optimum materials for these sensors. Since no MEMS compatible materials database having micro-scale material properties was readily available, therefore first a MEMS materials database has been developed and integrated with a material selection software. The developed materials database along with the derived performance indices for these sensors has then been used to select the candidate materials. Additionally, performance of these candidate materials and the variety of promising designs has also been evaluated experimentally in a two step iterative process using SOI CMOS fabrication technology. In a first iteration, eight thermal flow sensors (i.e. having square / circular membranes and four membrane to heater length ratios), six piezoresistive pressure sensors (i.e. having square membranes, three piezoresistor materials and two piezoresistor layout designs) and twelve RTDs temperature sensors(i.e. having five different materials and six layouts) have been fabricated andexperimental characterized. The best sensor of each type in the first iteration has been further improved when integrated in the final optimized multi sensing chip. The results showed that a thermal flow sensor with a silicon oxide square membrane having a membrane to heater length ratio of 3.35 has the highest sensitivity to area ratio. Similarly, a piezoresistor pressure sensor with a square membrane having p-doped silicon piezoresistors planted at the center of each membrane edges gives maximum sensitivity. The RTDs made of p-doped silicon and having higher L/W ratio exhibited the highest sensitivity and linearity. The optimized thermal, pressure and RTD sensors are much more sensitive than the previously reported such type of sensors. .It is worth highlighting that in addition to being highly sensitive, optimized sensors reported in this research are also CMOS compatible, which make them attractive considering their low cost and ease of integration with other CMOS devices, sensors and circuits.
This Research Article is based on Plagiarism of the verses in Ancient era of Ignorance (Jahiliat) . The criticism of Ancient and Modem Arabic Poets. The well known literary figure of Arabic Literature put forward the theories and discussion due to which this plagiarism occurred. The next famous commentators who were accused of this sort of plagiarism in Arabic poetry. Beside this the rules and regulations adopted to point out and this practice was put to and end.
This longitudinal study is an empirical investigation into the financial policy of Pakistan''s non-financial corporate sector over a thirteen year period starting from 1999 to 2011 by using panel data methodologies. Most significant capital structure theories can be grouped into two broader categories, namely Pecking Order Theory and Tradeoff Theory. The Pecking order theorists believe that firms follow an order of preference for one source of finance over other sources. Tradeoff theory predicts that firms adjust their capital structure on the basis of underlying costs and benefits of the debt and equity capital. Firms optimize their capital structure by balancing marginal cost with the marginal benefit of the debt. Panel data regressions were applied in a systematic way to test the impact of speed of adjustment on financial performance. The empirical results indicate that the size of the firm, profitability, collateral value of assets, firm specific interest rate, non-debt tax shield, spontaneous finance and short term solvency are the significant determinants of the target capital structure. The Size of the firm, the collateral value of asset and short term solvency have a positive relationship with the target capital structure. On the other hand, profitability firm specific interest rate, non-debt tax shield and spontaneous finance has negative relationship. Growth opportunities have positive but statistically insignificant relationship with contractual debt to asset target ratio and positive and significant relationship with Long term debt to asset and total debt to asset target ratios. The results show that the adjustment speed towards target capital varies across industry and over time. The speed of adjustment is affected by the macroeconomic and firm specific factors. Results also indicate that volatile inflation and higher interest rates impedes the adjustment speed. Banking sector performance, GDP growth rate and distance to target capital structure accelerates the speed of adjustment. It is also found that closer the firms are to their target capital structure by speedy adjustments better the financial performance. Speed of adjustment has a significant effect on the financial performance of Pakistan''s corporate sector. The results are consistent with the other international studies with ignorable differences.