The tremendous growth of mobile wireless devices in various form factors requires efficient, compact, and multi-function antennas, capable of providing high data rates at multiple application bands. Modern wireless devices incorporate a number of different antennas to provide services for cellular voice, video, data, Wi-Fi, and GPS connectivity, across multiple bands. High data rate requirements also demand the design of multiple input multiple output antennas in order to implement spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes. Reconfigurable antennas possess the ability to change their characteristics (frequency, pattern, polarization) as per application demand. Dynamic alteration of the radiation characteristics makes them a suitable candidate for multi-function, small size wireless devices, where the requirement of multiple antennas can be circumvented by a single reconfigurable antenna. Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) offer a number of benefits over the conventional conductor-based antennas. The advantages include high radiation efficiency, small size, and a versatility of feed mechanisms. Despite many benefits, however, the size of the DRA must be excessively miniaturized to make their integration feasible in wireless devices of small size and various form factors. The aim of this work is to devise some novel reconfiguration and simultaneous miniaturization techniques for DRA based antennas. Hybrid structures comprising of DR and other resonant structures (like microstrip patch, slots) have been explored previously for enhancement of impedance bandwidth, multi-band, and wideband applications. Hybrid antenna structures combine the desirable features of both resonators and are much beneficial to meet the diverse application demands. This work proposes a hybrid combination of DR element, with ground plane (GP) slots to design compact, efficient, and multi-function reconfigurable antennas. The reconfiguration properties of the proposed antenna structures satisfy multiple application band requirements, while the miniaturization aspects assist to save valuable space in small devices. The GP slots can either be employed as a resonant structure or act as a defected ground structure (DGS) for the resonant DR element. The proposed technique has been applied for the design of frequency reconfigurable (FR), single-input-single-output (SISO), multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), and frequency plus pattern reconfigurable antenna designs. A few novel designs are presented in the current dissertation that effectively combine the GP slots and the DR resonances to obtain efficient, multi-band, antenna structures for SISO as well as MIMO applications. The combination of probe-fed and microstrip line fed DR elements with GP slots has thoroughly been analyzed and designed with an emphasis to get higher tuning ranges and better isolation. In almost all designs, the reconfiguration aspect has been incorporated by placing switches on the GP slots, which in turn alter the slot length and result in achieving either frequency or pattern reconfiguration.
الباب الثاني: الشاعرۃ نازك الملائکۃ سنتحدث في ھذا الباب عن رائدۃ الشعر العربي الحر نازك الملائکۃ منذ ولادتھا إلی وفاتھا وما قدمت من أعمال أدبیۃ وشعریۃ وعلمیۃ، وأسلوبھا وکیف کانت بدایۃ نظمھا وما ھي أھم مؤلفاتھا وأشھر دواودینھا، وهي شاعرة عربية من دولة العراق ، عراقية الأصل ، وأشعارها معروفة بالحزن وقد خترت هذه الشخصية العظيمة مقارنةً مع بروين شاكر باكستانية الأصل ، لأن بروين شاكر أيضاً معروفة بأشعارها الحزينة فهناك تشابه بينهما في أمور كثيرة . والآن سنتعرف على نازك الملائكة.
Defending Prophet’s honor is religious and social duty of every Muslim, The Holy Prophet (r) being more valuable than our own lives and souls. The theme of love rests in its high correlation with obedience. That the one whom someone loves, his obedience and submission to him becomes easier, even to the extent of contentment and pleasure. Love of Allah and Holy Prophet (r) has been stressed upon in the article so that obedience of Allah and his Prophet and submission to them is expressed as easy and doable, and an instigation to avoid disobedience is generated. Success of a man lies in obedience of Allah and that of Holy Prophet (r). In this article, the facet of “Love” with Holy Prophet (r) has been comprehensively narrated. The prophet was deputed to be obeyed and followed to the dooms day unchecked of followers’ class, color or ethnicity. Such unconditioned following required his person to be of an extensively inclusive character, which it did, and that every single instant of his esteemed life is preserved. The most divinely of the services is moral building of nations on practical patterns. One way is of preaching, while even cultured is to assemble written material to be followed for long or elsewise forcefully bind people to follow ethical doctrines and avoid vice.
Background: Neuromedin S (NMS), a 36 amino acid anorexigenic neuropeptide was discovered in rat brain. It is a ligand for receptor FM4/TGR-1 which is also called as NMU receptor type II (NMU2R). Mainly it is expressed in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and involved in regulation of food intake and dark light circadian rhythms. In rodents its stimulatory role in HPG axis is reported but in higher primates its reproductive role is yet to be explored. In present study we examined involvement of NMS-NMU2R signaling pathway in the metabolic regulation of the HPG axis in adult male rhesus monkey. We used three different approaches in this regard. First, we observed the peripheral effect of NMS on HPG axis in two metabolic states (normal fed and 48-hrs fasting) as it was known that metabolic status is key factor in HPG axis regulation. Second, we studied the role of NMS in HPA regulation and its influence on reproductive hormone secretion in male rhesus monkeys and third, we investigated the role of exogenous NMS on some other metabolic hormones which are involved directly or indirectly in the regulation of HPG axis. For this purpose various hormones concentrations such as testosterone (T), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), adiponectin, resistin, leptin and insulin were determined after NMS administration in normal fed and 48-hrs fasting monkeys. Materials and Methods: Four adult male rhesus monkeys (6-8 yr Age: 7-10 kg BW) were used in this study. Fifty nmol of NMS was injected through a cannula affixed in saphenous vein. Blood samples were collected individually at 15 min intervals, before and after NMS/saline/hCG administration. Plasma concentrations of T, cortisol, GH, PRL, adiponectin, leptin, resistin and insulin were estimated by using specific Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) kits. Results: Short term fasting significantly (P<0.001) decreased T while increased cortisol concentrations. NMS induced significant (P<0.05) increase in T and cortisol concentrations in both fed and 48-hrs fasting monkeys. No significant (P>0.05) change was observed in saline treated animals. In fasting conditions T response to NMS was delayed and suppressed. 48-hrs fasting significantly (P<0.001) decreased PRL but did not affect GH levels significantly. NMS also induced significant (P<0.01) rise in GH levels in both fed and fasting conditions while PRL 1 Possible role of Neuromedin S in male reproductionGeneral Abstract concentrations significantly (P<0.05) increased only in fed conditions. No significant change (P>0.05) in GH and PRL concentrations was noticed in saline treated animals. Short term fasting significantly increased (P<0.001) adiponectin concentrations while decreased leptin (p<0.001), resistin (P<0.01) and insulin (P<0.001) concentrations. NMS administration did not effect the adiponectin and insulin levels significantly (P>0.05) in both fed and fasting conditions. However NMS induced significant (P<0.01) increase in resistin levels, while suppressed leptin (P<0.01) secretion in both fed and 48-hrs fasting conditions. In saline treated animals no significant (P>0.05) changes in adiponectin, resistin, leptin and insulin levels were observed after saline administration. Discussion: Our results demonstrated that exogenous NMS administration rescues suppression of the HPG axis during conditions of metabolic fuels deficiency. In fasting conditions the NMS induced T response was both delayed and suppressed. Present results indicate that although NMS stimulated T secretion under fasting conditions, the response appears to be delayed and suppressed suggesting that fasting- induced suppression of the HPG axis in the adult male rhesus monkey may involve, at least in part, a reduction in the sensitivity of GnRH neuronal network to endogenous NMS stimulation. Cortisol is generally considered as negative regulator of HPG axis in males so it was assumed that in fasting conditions the delayed response of T secretion in present study is, due to the increased concentrations of cortisol. However in normal fed monkeys, elevated cortisol levels did not suppress T secretion. So it is not yet confirmed, whether increased cortisol levels caused suppression of T release or fasting itself has some deleterious effects on NMS expression in hypothalamus. In previous studies no association was found between cortisol and T secretion in monkeys. So it was concluded that in present study elevated cortisol levels are not responsible for delayed and suppressed T response to NMS. In our study increased GH and PRL secretions after NMS administration suggest that NMS exerts its regulatory actions on HPG axis and testicular steroidogenesis by affecting the secretions of these two pituitary hormones. Our results also demonstrated that exogenous NMS administration has no significant effect in the secretion of insulin and adiponectin but the same dose of NMS significantly inhibited leptin while 2 Possible role of Neuromedin S in male reproductionGeneral Abstract stimulated plasma resistin levels. These findings suggest a potential involvement of NMS in the physiology of adipose tissue. Conclusion: NMS-NMU2R signaling appears to be critical in the regulation of reproductive axis in mammals including primates, during metabolically stressed conditions. Whether it is just another redundant pathway or the master conduit for relaying such information to GnRH neurons, the research will tell exactly very soon.