A variety of dynamic objects, such as faces, bodies, and cloth, are represented in computer vision and computer graphics as a collection of moving spatial landmarks. A number of tasks are performed on this type of data such as character animation, motion editing, and nonrigid structure from motion. In theory, many of these tasks are highly under-constrained and the estimation algorithms exploit the natural regularity that exists as a cloud of points moves over time. In this thesis, we present compact and generalizable models of non- rigid objects by exploiting spatial and temporal regularities of time-varying point data. We demonstrate that several theoretically ill-posed tasks can be made well-posed with the help of these models. Our first contribution is to propose and demonstrate the effectiveness of the linear trajectory model for representing time-varying point clouds. Traditionally, a linear shape model has been used to represent time-varying point data; the 3D shape of a nonrigid object is modeled as a linear combination of a small number of basis shapes. In contrast, we represent point trajectories as a linear combination of basis trajectories. We show that the linear trajectory and the linear shape models are dual to each other and have equal representation power. In contrast to the shape basis, however, we demonstrate that the trajectory basis can be predefined by exploiting the inherent smoothness of trajectories. In fact, we show that the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a good choice for a predefined basis and empirically demonstrate its compactness by showing that it approaches Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for natural motions. This linear trajectory model is applied to the problem of nonrigid structure from motion. Analogous to the formulation under the shape model, the estimation of nonrigid struc- ture from motion under the trajectory model results in an optimization problem based on orthonormality constraints. Prior work asserted that structure recovery through orthonor- mality constraints alone is inherently ambiguous and cannot result in a unique solution. This assertion was accepted as a conventional wisdom and was the justification of several remedial heuristics in literature. In contrast, we prove that orthonormality constraints are, in fact, sufficient to recover the 3D structure in both the linear trajectory and the shape models. Moreover, we show that the primary advantage of the trajectory model over the shape model in nonrigid structure from motion is the possibility of predefining the basis.This results in a significant reduction in unknowns and corresponding stability in estima- tion. We demonstrate significant improvement in reconstruction results over the state of the art. After demonstrating the effectiveness of the linear trajectory model over linear shape model in nonrigid structure from motion, we also show how both the models can be synergisti- cally combined. We present the bilinear spatiotemporal basis as a model to simultaneously exploit spatial and temporal regularities, while maintaining the ability to generalize well to new sequences. The model can be interpreted as representing the data as a linear com- bination of spatiotemporal sequences consisting of shape modes oscillating over time at key frequencies. We apply the model to natural spatiotemporal phenomena, including face, body, and cloth motion data, and demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of compaction, gen- eralization ability, predictive precision, and efficiency against existing models. We demon- strate the application of the model in motion capture clean-up. We present an expectation- maximization algorithm for motion capture labeling, gap-filling, and denoising. The solu- tion provides drastic reduction in the clean-up time in comparison to the current industry standards.
۱۹۴۰ء سے ۱۹۷۷ء تک مولانا مودودیؒ نے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی تحریک " اسلامی سوشلزم" کی زبردست مخالفت کی۔مولانا نے ۲۱ سال تک جماعت اسلامی کی رہنمائی کی ۔ آپؒ یکم نومبر ۱۹۷۷ء کو بیماری اورکمزوری صحت کی بناپر جماعت اسلامی کی امارت سے مستعفیٰ ہوئے ۔
This research article aims to trace the history of radical movements in the North-West frontier of sub-continent. Historically, radical movements have long roots in Pakhtun Society. People recruited in different epochs from Pakhtun society branch into various freedom movements before the partition of sub-continent. Freedom movements against the Sikh, Hindu and the British lifted radical impact on Pakhtun Society before the partition of sub-continent. Radical movements after the partition of sub-continent also established their roots in the North-West region of Pakistan. These radical movements engineered the pluralistic cultural values of Pakhtun Society. These movements have lifted radical trends in the North-West frontier of sub-continent. Pakhtuns and their cultural values were not only exposed to violence but the evolution of their culture had been disturbed.
In human, genetic disorders of the nails are very rare and occur in both isolated and syndromic form. In syndromic forms, anomalies in other ectodermal appendages and/or skeletal deformities are associated with nail disorders. Over the past few years several, different types of human nail disorders have been characterized at clinical and molecular levels. In few cases of nail disorders, causative genes have been identified. In the study presented in the dissertation, eight Pakistani families (A-H) representing isolated form of nail dysplasia (Families A-F) and syndromic nail disorders (Families G and H) have been characterized both at clinical and molecular levels. Family A showed autosomal recessive isolated congenital fingernail dysplasia. Whole exome sequencing of the family revealed a novel variant c.92G>T (p.Arg31Leu; MAF=0.0001; chr10:70,287,041) in the SLC25A16 (NM__152707.4) gene. Affected individuals in two families, B and C, showed typical phenotypes of hereditary leukonychia. Based on the phenotypes observed the PLCD1 gene was sequenced in all available individuals of both families. Analysis of sequencing data showed a recurrent heterozygous mutation c.625T>C (p.Cys209Arg; MAF=0.00009; chr3: 38,052,933) in family B. In family C analysis of sequencing data did not reveal any mutation in PLCD1 (NM_001130964.1) gene. To ascertain the causative gene, the DNA sample of an affected family member has been submitted for exome sequencing. In two other families (D and E) of isolated nail dysplasia, linkage was established to mapped on chromosome 8q22.3. Subsequent sequencing of the FZD6 (NM_003506.4) gene revealed a homozygous non-sense variant c.1750G>T (p.E584X*; MAF=0.00001; chr8:104,342,091) in family D and a homozygous missense variant c.1266G>A ( p.Gly422Asp; MAF=0.00001; chr8:104,342,091) in family E. In family F the nails of Genetic Analysis of Human Hereditary Nail Dysplasia in Pakistani Families the affected individuals were thick and hard with deformed nail bed. After failing to establish linkage to the known genes in the family, DNA samples were used for SNP microarray genotyping. This identified four homozygous regions. To identify a causative gene in the linked regions, DNA sample of an affected individual has been submitted to exome sequencing. In family G, affected individuals displayed typical phenotypes of pure hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia. All affected individuals of the family showed homozygosity with several markers related to HOXC13 (NM_017410.3) gene at chromosome 12p11.1- q21.1. Sequence analysis of HOXC13 revealed a novel homozygous missense mutation c.929A>C (p.Asn310Thr; chr12: 54,338,976). Family H segregated autosomal recessive form of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Homozygosity mapping, based on whole genome SNP genotyping, lead to the identification of 7.05 Mb homozygous region at chromosome 4q34.1-q34.3. The HPGD (NM_000860.6) gene, located in the homozygous region, was sequenced which detected a homozygous missense variant c.577T>C (p.S193P; chr4: 175,414,387) in all affected family members. The study presented here involves the clinical and genetic analysis of eight families collected from different remote areas of Pakistan. Six of them were characterized by isolated congenital nail dysplasia while two others with syndromic nail disorders. In these families mutation analysis of SLC25A16, PLCD1, FZD6, HOXC13 and HPGD genes revealed some novel and recurrent mutations. In addition, failure to establish linkage to known genes in two families (C and F) directed the existence of undiscovered genes in the human genome triggering nail dysplasia phenotypes.