موضوع5:تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت
تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔جس کے معنی جانچنا، پرکھنا ، کھرے اور کھوٹے کو الگ کرنا ہیں۔
تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت:
تنقید کا سلسلہ تخلیق آدم سے شروع ہوا۔ جب اللہ تعالی نے حضرت آدم ؑکو پید اکیا تو فرشتوں نے اللہ سے گزارش کہ کہ یہ انسان دنیا میں جاکر فساد اور لڑائی جھگڑے کرے گا۔ اس کی تخلیق کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی؟عبادت کے لیے تو ہم کافی ہیں۔ اس کی تخلیق پر نظر ثانی کی جائے۔اللہ نے فرشتوں کوغرض تخلیق آدم? سے آگاہ کیا۔سب سے پہلے آدم? پر تنقید کی گئی یعنی تخلیق پر تنقید ہوئی۔اس سے یہ بھی واضع ہوا کہ تنقید کے لیے تخلیق کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔
تنقید تخلیقی ذہن کو جلا بخشتی ہے جس کی وجہ سے صحت مند تخلیق وجود میں آتی ہے۔تنقید تخلیق کے فن کے لیے سازگار ماحول مہیا کرتی ہے۔مثلا ایک شاعر نظم میں بے ہودہ الفاظ استعمال کرتا ہے تونقاد اس کو دھوڈالتا ہے۔اس لیے آئندہ لکھنے والے اس تنقید کو مدنظر رکھیں گے تنقید کا دوسرا کام فن پاروں کی تشریح و توضیع کرنا ہے مثلا نقادکیا کہنا چاہ رہا ہے۔تخلیق کار تخلیق کردیتا ہے اور نقاد کا کام یہ ہے کہ وہ وضاحت کرکے بتاتا ہے کہ کیا صحیح ہے اور کیا غلط ہے۔ایک انگریز مفکر "ڈیوڈ ڈیشن "کہتے ہیں:
" نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی قسم کے سوالات اٹھاتا ہے۔تاہم اگر وہ کوئی سوال نہ بھی اٹھائے تووہ فن پارے کے مختلف طریقوں سے شرح کرکے وضاحت کرکے قاری کے حسن فن میں اضافہ کرتا ہے۔نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی سوالات اٹھا تا ہے۔"
تنقید کی ضرورت:
• تنقید سے کسی فن پارے کے محاسن و معائب سامنے آئیں گے یعنی خوبیاں اور خامیاں وغیرہ۔
• شاعروں اور ادیبوں کو دوبارہ زندہ کرنے کے...
Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.
Cadmium (Cd) is harmful to plants as well as animals and causes serious threats to human health. Thus, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms of Cd effects through Cd-induced physio-biochemial determinations as well as its accumulation, transportation and the relationships with growth, antioxidant systems and the mineral nutrients. Furthermore, the contribution of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in alleviating the Cd toxicity in wheat is largely unknown and needs to be dissected. The experiments were conducted using different Cd (control, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mM) regimes without or with an exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, SNP (0.15 and 0.30 mM) on four cultivars of wheat (Punjab-2011, AARI-2011, Millat-2011 and Sehar-2006). The exogenous application of SNP was efficient in recovering growth of Cd-stressed wheat plants. Cd reduced the growth attributes, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, total flavonoids, anthocyanin contents, leaf relative water contents (LRWC), essential nutrients, total phenolics, soluble proteins, and grain yield components while increased leaf relative membrane permeability, total free amino acids, proline, glycinebetain (GB), reducing and non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)irrespective of wheatcultivars.More effective level of SNP was 0.30 mM which under Cd stress improved growth and physiological attributes of wheat plants. Punjab-2011 and AARI-2011 showed better performance than Millat-2011 and Sehar-2006 in Cd-stress environment. NO exogenous application was useful to improve shoots and roots fresh and dry biomasses, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate, total flavonoids, anthocyanin contents, LRWC, uptakeofessential nutrients, total phenolics, soluble proteins, and grain yield components under Cd stress. Moreover, NO inverted the toxic effects of Cd on leaf relative membrane permeability, total free amino acids, proline, glucose and sucrose, MDA, H2O2 and the activities of APX, CAT, POD irrespective of wheat cultivars. Overall, the results elaborated that exogenous NO recuced the Cd toxicity in wheat.