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Islam is a complete religion which provides guidance not only for spiritual life but about material aspect of life also. There is a clear code of business ethics to be followed in trade. Unfortunately Islamic ethics are being ignored in our society. In this article, reasons of our current materialistic unethical point of view in trade and some suggestions to resolve the problem are being discussed

A Numerical Study of Flow Past Bluff Bodies in Tandem and Side-By-Side Arrangements Using the Lattice Boltzmann Methods

A Numerical Study of Flow Past Bluff Bodies in Tandem and Side-By-Side Arrangements Using the Lattice Boltzmann Methods Flow around bluff bodies is an area of interest for scientist from several years. A flow over bluff bodies is commonly seen in engineering, for example, wind over a group of tall buildings and fluid flow over heat exchanger tube arrays. A flow past bluff bodies in tandem and side-by-side arrangements are investigated numerically using lattice Boltzmann methods in this thesis. The numerical methods are validated for flow past a single square cylinder, and the numerical results show a good agreement with the available reference data. In the first problem of this thesis a numerical simulation is carried out for flow past a square cylinder with a detached flat plate using the lattice Boltzmann method for gap spacing (g) ranging from 0 to 11 and Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 75 to 200. Numerical results reveal that as gap spacing increases, there exist a critical gap spacing at g = 2 - 2.25, where the mean drag coefficient, Strouhal number, root-mean-square values of the drag and lift coefficients reach either maxima or minima. The shed vortices behind the detached flat plate and flow regimes are affected by gap spacing and Reynolds number. The observed results further indicates that the critical gap spacing and flow regimes are strongly dependent on g and Re. Flow control aims to reduce the wake dynamics and the fluctuating force. Second problem focuses on the effect of equal and unequal gap spacing and Reynolds number ranging from 75 to 175 on flow characteristics by identifying wake patterns, force statistics as well as wake oscillation frequencies. Different kinds of wake patterns are observed for the flow past three side-by-side square cylinders for equal and unequal gap spacing. It is found that the characteristics of the flow significantly depend on both the Reynolds number and gap spacing and the latter is much stronger than the former. In the third problem of this thesis, lattice Boltzmann simulations are carried out for flow past a row of rectangular cylinders at aspect ratios (AR) 0.5 and 2 for different gap spacings at Re = 150. The numerical results reveal that wake patterns are strongly dependent on g and Re. There exist secondary cylinder interaction frequencies along with primary vortex shedding frequency due to jet flow between the gaps. More interesting variation in fluid forces are observed for the case of AR = 2, as vortices generated on the surface of cylinder because the width of the cylinder is 2d. This study shows that lattice Boltzmann method is a good tool to capture the important features of flow past bluff bodies and suppression of fluid forces.