Energy is one of the most fundamental components of daily life and plays a vital role in the growth of country’s economy. Due to recent severe energy crises in Pakistan, the government has started focusing on building new power generation plants. While the government of Pakistan has taken many initiatives for energy saving such as launched a campaign against power thefts, extended weekly holidays, banned advertising neon boards, early closure of public and private market places but the issues of theft control and power load management still remain unaddressed due to non-technical lossesand inappropriate management, timeworn electricity infrastructure, poor quality wires, poor management, bribery culture, appointment of non-technical staff, law & order situation, and mismanagement in electricity bill calculation. The some others reasons behind the severe electricity shortfall is to, identify, stop and control the electricity theft at consumer premises and to hunt individual consumers answerable for power theft. The irregular electricity shortfall also leads to many problems in a country for example: un-scheduled power short fall, high cost of electricity units and insufficient electric power load management. However, more recently, GOP introduced a smart electricity meter technology in various cities as pilot project and different electric power distribution companies have started to install General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) based smart meter system to control electricity thievery. But there has been no major progress in the control of electricity theft and efficient power load management for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. Moreover, the existing installed smart meters have not produced desired results, such as an efficient electric power load management, theft prevention, and entertainment of power load request by consumers, provision of real time communication mechanisms among consumer, smart meter and EPC. Furthermore, Electric Power Company (EPC) don’t provide any means / service(s) which allow direct interaction between Smart Meter (SM), EPC and End Consumer (EC). This research addresses above challenges and proposes a system called On Demand Electrical Power Load Management Service (EPLMS) architecture for smart meters using GSM.
4۔ شہادت کی ضرورت و اہمیت کسی بھی تنارع میں فریقین کے لیے شہاد ت کا کردار بہت اہمیت کا حامل ہے ، کیونکہ مدعی (دعویٰ دار) کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ ثبوت مہیا کرے ۔ بینہ ایک جامع لفظ ہے ، جس کی ایک قسم گواہی ہے۔قرآن ، حدیث اور اقوال صحابہ کرام میں جہاں جہاں بینۃ کا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے ، اس سے مراد وہ چیز ہے جو حق کو پورے طور پر واضح کردے ۔ اکثر ثبوت کے طور پر شہاد ت یا گواہی آتی ہے ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا "الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى الْمُدَّعِى وَالْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنْ أَنْكَرَ۔"374 "مدعی کے ذمے بَینہ (گواہ) ہے اور منکرپر قسم۔" معلوم ہو ا کہ مدعی اپنے دعویٰ کے ثبوت یا اپنے کسی حق کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے حاکم اسلام/قاضی کی عدالت میں کسی ایسے واضح ثبوت کو یا ایسے شخص کو پیش کرے جو اس کے دعویٰ کی تصدیق کرے۔ لفظ" شہادت " کسی کی تصدیق کرنے یا سچی خبر دینے کوبھی کہتے ہیں۔ شہادت شرعاً ایک خاص منصب اور دینی فریضہ ہے۔ اس لیے ہر شخص نہ تو اس کا اہل ہے اور نہ ہی ہر کوئی گواہی کے لیے موزوں۔ اس کے اہل صرف وہی شخص ہے جن کی سیرت و کردار پر معاشرے کو اطمینان ہو اور جو اپنے اخلاق و دیانت کے لحاظ سے عموماً لوگوں کے درمیان قابل اعتماد سمجھا جاتا ہو۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ قاذف کی گواہی قابل قبول نہیں۔ اسلام نے سچی گواہی دینے پر زور دیا ہے ۔ مدعی کے طلب کرنے پر گواہی دینا لازم ہے بلکہ اگر گواہ کو اندیشہ ہو کہ اگر میں نے گواہی نہ دی تو صاحب حق کا حق ضائع ہوجائے گا ۔مدعی کو اگر معلوم نہ ہو کہ فلاں شخص معاملے کو جانتا...
Despite the greenness of youth, it is a moment in a Muslim's life when his belief is likely to be hardened frequently by enticements and temptations. It is the responsibility of young Muslims to triumph over these enticements and protect their Islamic way of life, obey the teachings of Prophet, share Islam with others and study the teachings of the Holy Qur’ān. After the fulfillment of these essential obligations, young Muslims are predictable above all to play a significant role in reformation of society. Within the Muslim circle, it is supposed that youth is the most imperative period of life. Youth as bone of nation plays a vital role. They have the capacity to build nation of towards success in all the fields of life by utilizing the abilities. This is the time in which opinions, habits and beliefs are formed, and it is vital for the time to be spent in individual development. For instance, Muslim youth should dedicate themselves into making and spreading the glimpses of Sīrah in society; by avoiding the temptations of time in loneliners and solitude andwith the opposite sex and of seeking knowledge by following the preaching’s of Prophet Muhammad (r). In this way, Muslim youth will be a spiritually strong enough to serve as a role model for other young people and society as whole. The article manifests the same components in the light of teachings of Holy prophet (r). Consolidating with Qur'anic verses, imminent exegetical literature and sayings of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (r), youth can play an active and positive role in reformation and development of society.
Grapevine is an economically most important and major vegetatively propagated fruit crop in the world and infected with several widespread viruses that seriously affect the economic status of this crop. Currently more than 64 grapevine viruses have been reported. Among these, Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is considered as the most economically damaging disease in grapevine-growing regions. GLD is the group of eleven viruses that belong to genus Ampelovirus and family Closteroviridae. Some of the viruses transmitted through vectors and some are graft transmissible. Reliable and accurate diagnostic methods are required for the evaluation of Grapevine leafrollassociated viruses (GLRaVs) and for the control and sanitary selection of GLD. In the present study various diagnostic tool were used to screen Grapevine leafrollassociated viruses from the grapevine germplasm of Pakistan. In the three provinces of Pakistan, symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves along with petioles were sampled from 13 vineyards. Leaf curling, reddening and yellowing of leaves were observed in few cultivars while mostly samples were asymptomatic. PCR based method is considered as the most sensitive and accurate for the detection of infectious pathogen at their early infection. For this purpose, RNA extracted from two methods was analyzed for conventional PCR by using specific primer sets that target the conserved regions. Total 85 samples out of 249 were detected for GLRaVs by conventional PCR. A TaqMan RT-PCR is the most significant, sensitive and accurate method in the medium and was also used to analyze the prevalence of infected samples. The extracted RNA quality was checked by using the 18S rRNA TaqMan assay as an RNA specific internal control to prove the better detection methods. The Ct value of 18S was in the range of 3.4-13.03. Two hundred and forty-nine samples were tested for 11 GLRaVs using TaqMan RT-PCR. The most prevalent virus was GLRaV-2 that was detected in 95 samples and showed 38% infection rate. The second most prevalent virus was GLRaV-3 with 7.2% infection rate. GLRaV-4 strain-9 and -Car were negative for all samples. Mixed infections were detected in 40 samples with 16.1 % infection rate. Detection of viruses by TaqMan assay is 10,000 times more sensitive and efficient than the conventional PCR. In the present study, conventional PCR detected 34.1% GLRaVs and RT-qPCR detected 48.2% infection of GLRaVs in the tested samples. This study also provided the superiority of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) over the molecular detection assays to identify virome in single grapevine plant. This study analyzed the total RNA sequences by using Illumina Nextseq 500 Platform, ~35000Mb of sequence data were developed from reverse transcribed cDNA and analyzed for sequences of infectious pathogens such as viruses, viroids, fungi and bacteria. The presence of De novo assembly of sequenced reads was identified by BLAST analysis. Total 23 plant viruses, three viroids, two Satellite RNA viruses and one fungal virus were detected in the tested samples. These viruses and viroid belongs to the family Tymoviridae, Closteroviridae, Secoviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Pospiviroidae and Partitiviridae. Genetic diversity of GLRaVs from the infected grapevine varieties of Pakistan was also studied on the basis of nucleotide sequence of full genome and amino acid sequences of the coat protein (CP), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and heat shock protein 70 homologous (HSP70h). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that full genome represent best phylogeny of GLRaVs. Phylogenetic analysis on the base of amino acid sequences showed that CP is the more conservative region as compared to RdRp and HSP70h. The full genome of all GLRaVs except GLRaV-3 and GLRaV-4 strain-Pr showed homology with the isolates of USA. This study first time reports the eradication of Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses by excising apical meristem of 0.5mm of infected vine. TaqMan RT-PCR was used to check the sanitary conditions for the screening of GLRaVs and results showed complete eradication of GLRaVs. The objective of this study was to provide the baseline knowledge about the incidence and prevalence of Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses in Pakistan that helps the growers to make better decisions to clean the vineyards in Pakistan. Overall, this is the first study on the detection of grapevine viruses belongs to the family Closteroviridae in Pakistan.