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On Generation of Non-Equivalent Combinatorial Objects

Thesis Info

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Author

Karim, Saira

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2306/1/2527S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727799457

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The rapid growth in fields of computational biology, data mining and combinatorial chemistry results in an increased demand of combinatorial algorithms which produce exhaustive lists of combinatorial objects especially those objects which are symmetric under some equivalence relation. In this thesis we develop efficient algorithms for generation of bracelets with fixed density, bracelets with fixed content, and non- isomorphic unicyclic graphs. All of the above mentioned algorithms list only one representative object from each equivalence class. A bracelet is said to be of fixed density, if number of occurrences of the symbol 0 is fixed. The algorithm for generation of bracelets with fixed density generates a complete set of bracelets with fixed density of arbitrary base in lexicographic order. A simple mapping technique is used to prove that our algorithm works in constant amortized time. Bracelets with fixed content are those in which number of occurrences of each symbol is fixed. We devise an efficient algorithm to list bracelets with fixed content in reverse lexicographic order. Again, by using an injective mapping we prove that the algorithm works in constant amortized time with the condition that number of occurrences of the largest symbol is maximum. Our analysis also gives a simpler alternate proof for the original bracelet algorithm presented in “Generating bracelets in constant amortized time” by J. Sawada. Moreover, an enumeration formula for bracelets with fixed content is obtained. Listing of non-isomorphic graphs is known to be computationally very hard. However, when we restrict the graphs to have exactly one cycle, the problem can be efficiently solved in constant amortized time. In this thesis, we give a CAT algorithm to list all unlabeled non-isomorphic unicyclic graphs.
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کلرکوں کا غیر منصفانہ رویہ

کلرکوں کا غیر منصفانہ رویہ

                مصنف نے ناول میں ایسے کلرکوں کا ذکر کیا ہے جو سالہاسال سیٹ پر براجمان رہتے ہیں اور کام بھی کوئی نہیں کرتے۔ ولیم ایسے کلرکوں کو سخت ناپسند کرتا تھا اور بات پہ بات وہ اپنے کلرک نجیب شاہ کو اس کے حلیہ کے بارے میں آگاہ کرتا رہتاتھا۔ مگر نجیب شاہ پہ اس کا کوئی اثر نہ تھا۔ولیم کا خیال تھا کہ شاید پندرہ سال کے بعد تمام کلرک ایک جیسے ہی دکھنے لگتے ہیں۔مصنف نے دونوں کرداروں کے ذریعے کلرکوں کا طریقہ کار بتایا ہے۔ ان کا رہن ،سہن آدھے سر سے گنجے پیٹ ضرورت سے زیادہ باہر جو مسلسل بیٹھے رہنے کی وجہ سے باہر نکل آیا ہوا تھا، عینک کے شیشے موٹے موٹے جو کہ کبھی صاف بھی نہیں کرتے  یا پھر سر کا تیل عینک کے شیشوں کا دھندلائے رکھتا ہے۔یاکچھ اس طرح سے مصنف بات کو رخ دیتے ہیں کہ کلرک چاہتا ہے کہ عینک صاف نہ ہونا ہی بہتر ہے۔ بے رونق چہرہ ایک تو ایماندار نہ ہونا اور دوسرا چہرہ مسلسل استرے کے استعمال سے اس قدر سخت کہ کراہت کا احساس ہوتا ہے اور سب سے زیادہ کراہت کا احساس تب ہوتا ہے جب ناک کے بال بھی نتھوں سے باہر جھانک رہے ہوتے ہیں۔کلرک دیہی علاقوں میں یہ عہدہ سرکاری ملازمین کی نچلی سطح  پر ہوتا ہے۔اگر برطانوی حکومت کی بات کی جائے تو انھیں  ولیج افسر کہا جاتا تھااور یہ انتہائی با اثر ہوتے تھے کہ تاریخ میں یہ لوگ حکومت کے لیے کان اور آنکھ کا کام کرتے تھے۔دیہات میں زمینی کاروائی اور دیکھ بھال والا ہوتا ہے۔ماضی میں بھی یہ لوگ اتنے با اثر رہے ہیں ،موجودہ صورتحال میں بھی انہیں زیادہ اثرورسوخ مل گیا ہے اور یہ لوگوں کا ایسے فائدہ اٹھاتے...

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To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.

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