This thesis presents an online handwritten character recognition system for Urdu handwriting. The main target is to recognize handwritten script inputted on the touch screen of a mobile device in particular, and other touch input devices in general. Urdu alphabets are difficult to recognize because of inherent complexities of the script. In a script, Urdu alphabets appear in full as well as in half-forms: initials, medials, and terminals. Ligatures are formed by combining two or more half-form characters. The character-set in half-forms has 108 elements. The whole character-set of 108 elements is too difficult to be classified accurately by a single classifier. In this work, a framework for development of online Urdu handwriting recognition system for smartphones has been presented. A pre-classifier is de signed to segregate the large Urdu character-set into 28 smaller subsets, based on the number of strokes in a character and the position and shape of the diacrtics. This pre-classification allows to cope with the demand of robust and accurate recognition on processors having relatively low computational power and limited memory available to mobile devices, through banks of computationally less com plex classifiers. Based on the decision of the pre-classifier, the appropriate classi fier from the bank of classifiers is loaded to the memory to achieve the recognition task. A comparison of different classifier-feature combinations is presented in this study to exhibit the features’ discrimination capability and classifiers’ recognition ability. The subsets are recognized with different machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, deep belief networks, long short-term memory recurrent neural networks, autoencoders-support vector machines, and autoencoders-deep belief networks. These classifiers are trained with wavelet transform features, structural features, and with sensory input val ues. Maximum overall classification accuracy of 97.2% has been achieved. A large database of handwritten Urdu characters is developed and employed in this study. This database contains 10800 samples of the 108 Urdu half-form characters (100 samples of each character) acquired from 100 writers.
شرم الشیخ سے جبلِ موسیٰ کا زمینی فاصلہ کوئی دو سو میل ہوگا۔ سارا راستہ بے آب و گیاہ ہے۔ کہیں کہیں جھاڑی نما درخت نظر آتے ہیں جس کو مقامی زبان میں ’’شگ‘‘ کہتے ہیں۔ راستے میں چھوٹی چھوٹی بستیاں بھی نظر آتی ہیں جن میں مکان ایک دوسرے سے بہت دور ہوتے ہیں یعنی مکانوں کے درمیان محلے اور چم کا تاثر نہیں بن رہا تھا۔ سڑک کنارے کبھی کبھی بکر والوں اور چرواہوں کی ٹولیاں سفر کرتی نظر آتیں ،دکتورہ بسنت نے مجھے سے پوچھا کہ پاکستان میں بھی یہ قوم موجود ہے ؟میں نے کہاجی بالکل ۔اس نے کہا یہ بہت محنتی اور مالدار ہوتے ہیں۔سفر کے گردوغبار نے ان کے چہرے کو غربت زدہ بنا لیا ہوتا ہے مگر ان کی بکریاں ،اونٹ اور بھیڑیں لاکھوں کروڑوں کی ہوتی ہیں ۔میں نے کہا جی بالکل پاکستانی چرواہے بھی ایسے ہی مالدار اور محنتی ہوتے ہیں،میں جب بھی ان سے ملتا ہوں ان کو اعصابی طور پر مضبوط پاتا ہوں نہ راستوں کی طوالت سے پریشان نہ جلد منزل تک پہنچنے کی فکر نہ سفرکی صعبتوں کا گلہ اور نہ جسمانی و ذہنی تھکن کے آثار ،شہری آبادیوں اور بستیوں سے گزرتے وقت جب یہ بھیڑ بکریاں ریوڑ سے الگ ہو جاتی ہیں یا کوئی بس ،ٹرک یا گاڑی والا ہارن دیتا یا کوئی بدزبانی کرتا ہے تو ان بکر والوں کو غصہ نہیں آتا ،بس اپنے بے زمام ناقے کو یہ گلہ بان منہ کے ذریعے خاص سیٹیاں بجا بجا کر سوئے قطار کشیدتے چلے جاتے ہیں ۔
مانسہرہ سے دریائے کنہار کے کنارے کنارے ایک سڑک ناران اور گلگت کی طرف جاتی ہے ،درمیان میں عطر شیشہ کے مقام پر ایک دوراہا آتا ہے جہاں سے کشمیر مظفر آباد تک...
Right from inception, man faces temptations from Satan and therefore finds an evil -edge (a sinning tendency in mankind) . Islam with its vitalizing energy curbs this evil influence successfully. Hereby a review of the killing/murder of Muslims is given with necessary background. The layout ofthis article is asfollow: 1. The literal and idiomatical definition of Murder in view of the sayings of Religious scholars. 2. Five kinds of murder in light of statements of religious scholars. 3 Religious Order for the murder under the commandments of Quran and Sunnah. 4. Faraai and Zaili orders regarding to murder. 5. Sources and reasons of murder. 6. Losses of murder. IAJ'IJT
The thesis addresses the dynamics of low-frequency planetary electromagnetic (EM) waves and nonlinear solitary structures (vortices and zonal flows) in the Earth’s weakly ionized ionosphere of the E- and F-layers. The propagation of EM inertio-gravity waves in the partially ionized ionospheric E- and F-layers is considered in the shallow water approximation. Accounting of the field-aligned current is the main novelty of the investigation. Existence of two new eigen-frequencies for fast and slow EM waves is revealed in the ionospheric E-layer. It is shown that in F-layer slowly damping new type of inertial-fast magnetosonic waves can propagate. Slowly damping low-frequency oscillations connected with the field-aligned conductivity are found. Broad spectrum of oscillations is investigated. Existence of the new type of coupled EM ULF waves in the Earth’s ionospheric E-layer is revealed. It is shown that in the weakly ionized E-layer along with the prevalent effect of Hall conductivity the latitudinal inhomogeneity of both the Coriolis parameter and the geomagnetic field becomes essential for the ULF waves under the consideration. Action of these effects leads to the coupled propagation of EM Rossby and Khantadze modes on the one hand and coupled propagation of Rossby, Alfvén and Khantadze modes on the other hand. As a result the new type of dispersive Alfvén waves is revealed. Linear propagation properties of such coupled waves are given in detail. Possibility of existence of the other new coupled Internal-gravity and Alfvén EM planetary waves in the weakly ionized ionospheric E-layer is shown. Under such coupling new type of Alfvén waves is revealed. Simplified set of nonlinear equations describing the dynamics of mentioned coupled EM modes in the conductive weakly ionized E-layer is obtained: 1) spatially 2D equations in case of coupled Rossby-Khantadze and coupled Internal-gravity-Alfvén, and 2) spatially 3D equations in case of coupled Rossby-Alfvén-Khantadze modes, respectively. The possibility of self-organization of Rossby-Khantadze modes turbulent state into the nonlinear solitary vortical structures of dipole type in the non-dissipative ionosphere is shown analytically. Conditions for such self-organization are given. It is revealed that nonlinear large-scale vortices may generate the stronger pulses of the geomagnetic field (of the order of (10 4 - 10 5 nT ) ) than the corresponding linear waves. Nonlinear instability of short wavelength turbulence of mentioned coupled Rossby- Khantadze, Internal-Gravity-Alfvén, and Rossby-Alfvén-Khantadze EM planetary modes with respect to the excitation of low-frequency and large-scale perturbations of sheared zonal flow and magnetic field is revealed. The nonlinear mechanism of the instability is driven by the advection of vorticity and is based on the parametric excitation of zonal flow by four finite-amplitude coupled modes leading to the inverse energy cascade toward the longer wavelength. The corresponding driving forces along with the Reynolds stresses are stipulated by Maxwell’s stresses also. The growth rates of the corresponding instability and the conditions for driving them are determined. The possibility of generation of the intense mean magnetic field (of the order of (10 2 - 10 3 ) nT ) is shown. Obtained results undoubtedly will be useful for the interpretation of different observations on vortical motions, sheared zonal flows and magnetic field disturbances in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.