2۔ دیت تغلیظ
دیت کو زیادہ سخت بنانا ، اس میں زیادہ شدت اختیار کرنا ۔ قتل عمد کی دیت میں شدت اختیار کرنا ۔ امام مالک ؒ کےمطابق باپ کا اپنے بیٹے کے قتل کی صورت میں دیت مغلظ ہو گی یعنی اونٹوں کی صور ت میں دیت یہ ہو گی ۔ تیس حقہ ، تیس جذعہ ، چالیس خلفہ ۔ سونے اور چاندی کی صورت میں ان اونٹوں کی قیمت میں اور عام دیت میں جو اونٹوں کی قیمت کا فرق ہے دیت مغلظہ میں شامل ہو گا ، مثلاً اگر دیت خفیفہ کے اونٹوں کی قیمت چھ سو درہم ہے اور دیت مغلظہ کے اونٹوں کی قیمت آٹھ سو درہم ہے تو یہ زائد دو سو درہم سونے یا چاندی کی صورت میں ادا کی جانے والی دیت میں شامل ہوں گے ۔ 167
امام احمدؒ کے نزدیک دیت میں تغلیظ کے تین اسباب ہیں : حرم میں قتل ، اشہر حرام میں قتل اور محرم کا قتل ۔ ان کے نزدیک تغلیظ کا طریقہ یہ ہے کہ ان ہر تین اسباب میں سے ہر سبب کی موجودگی میں ایک تہائی دیت زائد ہو گی اور اگر تینوں اسباب جمع ہو جائیں تو دو دیتیں لازم ہوں گی۔ "168
3۔ وہ زخم جہاں مکمل مماثلت کے ساتھ قصاص ممکن نہ ہو صرف دیت دی جائے گی۔ انہیں ارش بھی کہتے ہیں۔ اس کی مندرجہ ذیل تین اقسام ہیں :الف) شجہ ، ب)جائفہ اور ج)غیر جائفہ۔
Moral values are seen as the basis of human civilization. Absence of moral values and responsibilities results in the justification of every evil in the society, as it is the case being observed in the present-day societies in many parts of the world. A nation, whose collective morals are high, is capable to lead other nations, irrespective of caste, creed and religious affiliations. If a nation, Muslim or non-Muslim, ignores the high moral values, it cannot avoid its decadence and destruction. Due to this utmost importance of morality for humanity, Islām regards morality as one of the integral parts of the Divine Revelation. Islām aims to create a sense of moral responsibility in its adherents, so that, they may show a complete picture of an ideal society, and enjoy their freedom to carry out the best possible moral deeds. The author of this paper, chose to study the present moral crisis in the Pakistani society and tried to determine the causes, which has brought about this moral crisis and also presents its cure in the light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The study focuses on the following aspects: Definitions of moral values & society, Prevalent social evils in our society, Causes of crimes and social evils, Remedies to root out unethical practices and evils from the society, Conclusion and recommendations.
The water pollution is one of the environmental problems due to the bioaccumulation tendency of toxic materials. The purpose of present study was to treat wastewater through bioprocesses, in combination with nanofiltration (NF) as a post treatment process to remove heavy metals (Cu(II) & Pb(II)), and reactive dyes (Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B) from aqueous solutions. The bioprocesses were conducted in batch and column mode. The biosorption characteristics of immobilized heat inactivated hybrid biosorbent (HI HB) and Active hybrid biosorbent (Active HB) for metal ions and dyes removal were assessed as function of biomass dosage, contact time, pH, initial dye/metal ion concentration and temperature. Maximum uptake of Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Black CL-B & Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL was 213.53, 365.90, 14.57 and 7.82 mg/g at pH 5, 4.5, 3 & 3, respectively, by immobilized HI HB. The biosorption capacity did not increase with increase in biomass dosage. Langmuir isotherm described well the biosorption process. The kinetic data fitted well to pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic study illustrate that process was feasible at low temperature. Removal of Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B with immobilized Active HB was also explored as a function of pH, biomass dosage, initial dye/metal ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The results demonstrated that all studied parameters influenced the process. Increase in initial dye/metal ions concentration and bed height was found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye/metal ions removal in column mode study. Characterization of biosorbent was carried out by FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA analysis. FTIR analysis of biomass showed participation of –OH, and –COOH as major functional groups involved in sequestering of metal ions and dyes from aqueous solution. Furthermore, NF increased the % removal of studied metal ions and dyes. The study provides understanding on treating wastewater through adsorption in combination with NF for Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B removal.