Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Precision Irrigation for Improving Water Use Efficiency Using Indigenized Sensor Based Irriagion Scheduling and Efficient Irriagion Techniques

Precision Irrigation for Improving Water Use Efficiency Using Indigenized Sensor Based Irriagion Scheduling and Efficient Irriagion Techniques

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Iqbal, Usman

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11610/1/Usman%20Iqbal%20%20water%20resources%202019%20uaf%20fslbd%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727812605

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Real time sensors based precision irrigation scheduling has potential to improve water productivity. Field experiments were carried out for two subsequent years (2017 and 2018) for producing maize and wheat crops at the Water Management Research Center (WMRC), Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). Field irrigation systems included flood irrigation (canvas pipe), perforated pipe irrigation and drip irrigation under different planting geometries. The design, development and manufacturing of sensor-based irrigation systems using locally available material were performed to minimize the cost of equipment development and energy consumption for crop irrigation. A solar powered tube well of half cusec discharge was used for pumping water for irrigating the experimental fields. The fertigation unit was used with electricity operated submersible pump at the experimental site. Maize crop had seven treatments viz; T1-flood irrigation conventional ridge sowing (0.762 m row to row spacing), T2-flood irrigation furrow bed planting (0.457 m row to row spacing), T3perforated pipe irrigation with 0.254 m furrow width (0.432 m row to row spacing), T4- perforated pipe irrigation with 0.203 m furrow width (0.406 m row to row spacing), T5perforated pipe irrigation with 0.152 m furrow width (0.381 m row to row spacing), T6drip irrigation with 0.914 m lateral spacing (0.457 m row to row spacing) and T7-drip irrigation with 1.219 m lateral spacing (0.609 m row to row spacing). Similarly, wheat crop had also seven treatments viz; T1-flood irrigation flat sowing by rabi-drill, T2-flood irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T3-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.254 m furrow, T4-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.203 m furrow, T5-perforated pipe irrigation bed furrow planting with 0.152 m furrow, T6-drip irrigation flat with 0.914 m lateral spacing and T7-drip irrigation on beds with 0.914 m lateral spacing. The flood irrigation system (treatments T1 and T2) took more time to fill the field and resulted in significantly lowest water productivities of maize 9.2-9.72 (grain yield kg/ha/mm irrigation depth) and of wheat 9.6-10.30 (grain yield kg/ha/mm irrigation depth). The perforated irrigation system (treatments T3, T4 and T5) produced intermediate values of water productivities for maize 16.38-17.3 (grain yield kg/ha/mm irrigation depth) and for wheat 12.30-12.66. The drip irrigation system (treatments T6 and T7) resulted in significantly greatest water productivity values of 19.219.55 for maize crop and 14.20-14.30 for wheat crop. xlii Indigenized soil moisture sensors using copper, brass and steel materials of single probe (Type-I length: 152.4 mm, 304.8 mm), two probes (Type-II length: 152.4 mm, 304.8 mm) and Type-III length (152.4 mm, 304.8 mm) were developed, fabricated, calibrated and validated using Gravimetric Method and tested in field. The developed sensors sent soil moisture signals on cloud for data storage, reuse and sharing purpose using coding. Arduino Mega was coupled with laptop through USB cable and sensors responses shown on Arduino sketch 1.8.5 in serial monitor. Arduino Mega was coupled with Arduino Ethernet Shield for transformation of soil moisture data on cloud. The irrigation was applied based on soil moisture status. The system based on micro-controller was tested for irrigating Maize and Wheat crops. Raspberry Pi-3 (Model B) controlled hardware in distribution box (DB) made promising use of indigenized soil moisture sensors (Type-I, Type-II and Type-III) for calibration and irrigation water management. The Linear calibration for indigenized steel wired double probe soil moisture sensors (152.4 mm, 304.8 mm) was made. The costs incurred for developing Type-I, Type-II and Type-III soil moisture sensors were PKR 800, 1650 and 250, respectively. The WinSRFR model was used to determine water application efficiency as a function of each plot‟s irrigations with respect to experimental field length under sandy loam soil. For the crops grown during 1st year (2016-17), the model resulted in application efficiencies of maize as 44%, 41%, 63%, 67%, and 69% for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Similarly the model predicted application efficiencies of wheat as 55%, 64%, 61%, 66% and 75% under treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. These application efficiency improved in the 2nd year crops under the indigenized soil moisture sensors based precision irrigation scheduling. The drip irrigation treatments (T6 and T7) had significantly improved water application time saving values (65.26% and 61.38%), perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediate values of water application time saving (15.52%, 12.76% and 10.07%) as compared to T1-conventional ridge sowing (canvas pipe/flood irrigation). Similarly, drip irrigation treatments (T6, T7) had significantly better water application time saving values (66.12%, 62.33%), perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediate values of water application time saving (17.60%, 14.91% and 12.29%) as compared to T2-furrow bed planting (canvas pipe/flood irrigation). Application time saving was 58.88%, 60.18% and 61.37% using drip irrigation treatment (T6) as compared to perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5). Similarly, water xliii application time saving under drip irrigation treatment (T7) was 54.28%, 55.73% and 57.05% as compared to perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5). All the treatments under perforated and drip irrigation systems had better water application time saving values during 2nd year maize cropping than those under 1st year maize cropping. The drip irrigation treatments (T6, T7) for wheat sowing had significantly better water application time saving values (44.82%, 37.42%), perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediate values of water application time saving (27.73%, 23.33% and 17.72%) as compared to T1-flat sowing by rabi drill (canvas pipe/flood irrigation). Similarly, drip irrigation treatments (T6, T7) had significantly highest water application time saving values (40.81%, 32.87%), perforated treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediate values of water application time saving (22.47%, 17.75% and 11.74%) as compared to T2-bed furrow planting (canvas pipe/flood irrigation). Application time saving was 23.65%, 28.03% and 32.94% using drip irrigation treatment (T6) as compared to perforated pipe irrigation treatments (T3, T4 and T5). Similarly, water application time saving was 13.42%, 18.38% and 23.95% using drip irrigation treatment (T7) as compared to perforated treatments (T3, T4 and T5). All the treatments under perforated and drip irrigation systems had higher water application time saving values during 2nd year wheat cropping than those under 1st year of wheat cropping. Efficient water application in the experimental field for maize and wheat crops increased irrigation efficiency. For maize production, drip irrigation treatments (T6, T7) had significantly improved irrigation efficiency values (86.0%, 86.83%), perforated treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediate values (80.83%, 81.0% and 81.05%) and flood irrigation treatments had significantly lowest values (50.95%, 52.15%). All the treatments had significantly greater irrigation efficiency values during 2nd year maize cropping than those under 1st year maize cropping because of applying soil moisture sensor based irrigations. The drip irrigation treatments (T6, T7) had significantly greatest irrigation efficiency values (87.95%, 88.1%), perforated treatments (T3, T4 and T5) had intermediated values of irrigation efficiency (80.5%, 80.75% and 81.45%) and flood irrigation treatments had significantly lowest irrigation efficiency values (73.25%, 74.4%). Most of the treatments had significantly higher irrigation efficiency values during 2nd year wheat cropping than xliv those under 1st year wheat cropping. Overall treatment mean irrigation efficiency was 80.82% during 1st year and 81.0% during 2nd year. Total cost of production of 1st year maize (2016) for the drip irrigation treatments T6 and T7 was found higher than the perforated pipe irrigation system and flood irrigation system with a margin of PKR 68451 and PKR 68292, respectively. The drip irrigation produced a benefit cost ratio of 3.28 for T6 and 3.20 for T7 treatments. The benefit cost ratio of perforated pipe treatments T3, T4 and T5 were 3.43, 3.41 and 3.26, respectively. Similarly, the benefit cost ratio for flood irrigation treatments T1 and T2 were 2.68 and 2.77, respectively. Total cost of production of 2nd year maize (2017) for the drip irrigation treatments T6 and T7 was found higher than the perforated pipe irrigation system and flood irrigation system with a margin of PKR 74443 and PKR 74281, respectively. The drip irrigation produced a benefit cost ratio of 3.14 for T6 and 3.06 for T7 treatments. The benefit cost ratio for perforated pipe irrigation was 3.33, 3.25 and 3.11 for T3, T4 and T5 treatments, respectively. Similarly, the benefit cost ratio for flood irrigation was 2.58 and 2.68 for T1 and T2, respectively. Total cost of production of 1st year wheat (2016-17) for the drip irrigation treatments T6 and T7 was found higher than the perforated pipe irrigation system and flood irrigation system with a margin of PKR 70726 and PKR 71214, respectively. The drip irrigation produced a benefit cost ratio of 2.81 for T6 and 2.77 for T7 treatments. The benefit cost ratio for perforated pipe was 2.94, 2.87 and 2.81 for T3, T4 and T5 treatments, respectively. Similarly the benefit cost ratio for flood irrigation was 2.51 and 2.61 for T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. Total cost of production of 2nd year wheat (2017-18) for the drip irrigation treatments T6 and T7 was higher than the perforated pipe irrigation system and flood irrigation system with a margin of PKR 64279 and PKR 64708, respectively. The drip irrigation produced a benefit cost ratio of 3.26 for T6 and 3.21 for T7 treatments. The benefit cost ratio for perforated pipe was 3.25, 3.18 and 3.12 for T3, T4 and for T5 treatments, respectively. Similarly, the benefit cost ratio for flood irrigation was 2.81 and 2.92 for T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. The benefit-cost analysis for drip and perforated pipe irrigation systems showed that the perforated pipe irrigation could be a feasible irrigation method for small scale farmers and drip irrigation system for large farmers. However, keeping in view the benefits of drip irrigation regarding high water use efficiency and yield, it is recommended that it should also be promoted for small farmers by providing proper training for profitable farming." xml:lang="en_US
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

سرالزڈ برڈ

سر الزڈ برڈ

            سرالزڈ برڈ، جو ایک خاص دوا، ’’بروس کسٹدرڈ پوڈر‘‘ کے کارخانہ کے مالک تھے، چند ماہ ہوئے، انہوں نے وفات پائی، تو معلوم ہوا، انہوں نے محض اشتہارات کے بل پر جو دولت کمائی، اس کی آمدنی سے ۶۵۳۶۵۶ پونڈ کی قیمت کی مستقل جائداد چھوڑ گئے ہیں! چند اور مشہور مشترین کی دولت کے اعداد ذیل سے، مغرب میں اشتہار کی قوت زرخیزی کا اندازہ ہوگا۔

            لارڈ برٹن (تاجر شراب) ۰۰۰،۰۰۰،۷ پونڈ

            سرفریڈرک وِلس (تاجر تمباکو) ۱۱۴،۹۱۸،۲ =

            مسٹر پیٹرر انیسن (مالک کارخانۂ خیاطی) ۶۶۱،۱۱۹،۱ =

            مسٹر ولیم دہائیلی (مالک بساط خانہ) ۸۲۵،۴۵۲،۱ =

            سرہزی ٹیٹ (تاجر شکر) ۵۶۵،۲۶۳،۱ =

            مسٹر جی فلفرڈ (مالک دواخانہ) ۰۰۰،۳۱۱،۱ =

            مسٹر لینڈلی میپل (مالک کارخانہ فرنیچر) ۲۹۲،۱۵۸،۲ =

            مسٹر چارلس لی (چٹنی فروش) ۱۳۷،۰۷۰،۱ =

            مسٹر سی، پوٹ (دوا فروش) ۴۲۳،۲۹۴،۴ =

            مسٹر اینو (مالک کارخانہ نمک ہاضم) ۶۰۷،۶۱۱،۱ =

            مسٹر ہینز (چٹنی و اچار فروش) ۰۰۰،۲۲،۱۱ = (ڈبلی میل)

(جون ۱۹۲۲ء)

 

Factors Affecting the Failure of Patient Safety Target Indicators in the Regional Hospital of the Datu Beru Takengon Central Aceh

The application of patient safety management is very important in an effort to prevent or minimize the occurrence of adverse patient safety incidents. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the achievement of patient safety target indicators. The method is a quantitative observational study with a cross sectional study approach. The study population was a nurse who worked in the inpatient room with a sample of 60 people who were taken by purposive sampling. The statistical test used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results of the Multiple Linear Regression Test show that knowledge, communication systems, commitment and experience (regression coefficient values ​​of 0.164, 1.1192, 0.528 and 1.169 have a positive influence on the achievement of patient safety goal indicators and leadership, risk management systems and reporting systems have a significant influence. Negative impact on the achievement of patient safety target indicators (regression coefficient values ​​of -0.064, - 0.967 and -0.281). The results of the t test were obtained that the communication system is the dominant factor that has a significant effect on the achievement of the patient safety goal indicators. Significant towards the achievement of patient safety target indicators. It is expected that input or consideration for the hospital in evaluating and improving hospital policies in increasing the achievement of patient safety target indicators is in accordance with existing targets.

A Histological Study of Human Olfactory Mucosa: Regional Distribution and Age Related Changes

The present study on the morphology of human olfactory mucosa was carried out with emphasis on its regional distribution, and changes related with age and gender. Eighty tissue samples (forty for either sex) were collected from cadavers ranging from 30 to 82 years of age, available in the mortuary of King Edward Medical College, Lahore. Individual age groups of males and females included 10 specimens from each sex. The histological study of the mucosa included morphology, regional distribution, quantitative analysis of all four major types of epithelial cells, height of epithelium and thickness of lamina propria in the roof, medial and lateral walls of both nasal cavities. A detailed study of the epithelium revealed the presence of classically known three cells: olfactory cells, sustentacular cells and basal cells and a fourth type, microvillar cells. In the age group 30-39 years (male and female) the mucosa was seen in the roof lying next to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and extending on both sides of the nasal septum and on the lateral walls of both nasal cavities. At places the respiratory epithelium was seen in the area of the olfactory epithelium which was much thicker. In the age group of 40-49 years, early age related changes were observed in the shape of occasional short epithelial invaginations, and disturbance of the zonal distribution of olfactory and supporting cells. In the age group 50-59 years, major morphological changes were observed like substantial reduction in the number of nuclei resulting in decreased height of the epithelium, disturbance of zonal distribution and presence of epithelial invaginations. The age group of 60 years onwards showed gradual thinning of the epithelium, epithelial invaginations, and in few cases atrophied olfactory epithelium devoid of olfactory cells. ANOVA showed significant age related decrease in the number of olfactory and sustentacular cells and in the height of the olfactory epithelium among the male and female groups. There was no significant age related decrease in the number of basal cells and thickness of the lamina propria. The number of microvillar cells was markedly less when compared to other cells of the epithelium. These results suggest that loss of olfactory and sustentacular cells becomes pronounced in individuals of both sexes of 50+ years of age. The results of the present study suggest that the reduction in the number of olfactory receptors and in the height of neuroepithelium with advancing age is associated iiwith impairment of olfactory sensibility. There was no evidence of significant sex related differences in the olfactory mucosa. These results are in the accordance with the previous observations in humans and other mammals showing a decline in the olfactory capacity with aging, mostly attributable to a decline in the number of olfactory cells. Contrary to earlier observations, the present study did not reveal any conclusive evidence that females had an increased sense of smell based on histological observations alone.