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Production of Biodiesel Analysis and Testing the Performance of Biodiesel Engine by Using Indigenous Resources

Thesis Info

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Author

Tunio, Muhammad Mureed

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology

City

Nawabshah

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13202/1/Muhammad%20Mureed%20Tunio_Energy%20%26%20Env_2016_QUEST.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727815240

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This study aims to find out the potential of three different non-edible feedstocks namely Jatropha, Castor and Linseed for biodiesel production. The mechanical expeller was used for oil extraction in Biofuel Laboratory, Energy & Environment Engineering Department, QUEST Nawabshah.The transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel with homogenous catalyst (Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide).The physcio-chemical properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number and density, Free fatty acids, Sulphur contents, Pour point, Total acid, Cloud point, Water content and Calorific value of crude oil and biodiesel were determined before and after production of biodiesel followed by ASTM standard methods. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Model Agilent 5975 GC-MSD was used for determination of fatty acid composition. The IUPAC method was applied for preparation of methyl esters of free fatty acids. The blends were prepared with 90%, 80% and 70% of petro diesel and 10%, 20% and 30% of biodiesel. These blends were designated as JB10, JB20 and JB 30 for Jatropha, CB10, CB20 and CB30 for Castor, and LB10, LB20 and LB 30 for Linseed respectively. After examining the characteristics of blended biodiesel samples, these were used in Internal Combustion (I.C) Engine for performance analysis and emission level. The results revealed that diesel oil has lower thermal efficiency as compared to all biodiesel blends. Out of all blends, JB10 showed higher efficiency with 22.32% and JB20 lower with 16.83% thermal efficiency as compared to 15.94% of D-100. However, almost same thermal efficiency of 19.5, 19.6, 19.0%, was found from 30% blends of JB, CB and LB respectively. It was discovered from the analysis that Jatropha blend of 10% (JB10) was more useful for achieving higher thermal efficiency in I.C. Engine. Moreover, the NOx concentration found by Chauhan was 2200 ppm, 2500 & 2700 for JB10, JB20 & JB30 respectively, whereas in this research work the NOx concentration was found in the range of 25-39 ppm in all blends of Jatropha. Based on overall thermal efficiency, particulates and gases emissions, 30% blends of Jatropha, Castor as well as Linseed may be recommended for utilization in I.C. Engines. This study also revealed that if 30% diesel oil is replaced with blended biodiesel of non-edible oils, then an amount upto Rs.138.6 Billion could be saved at national level.
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۱۔ دستِ فراخ

دست ِ فراخ

میں وہ تیرگی ہوں

 جس کے واسطے

آسماںکو چیرتے

اک نورِ عظیم سے

دشت کی وسعتیں چمک اٹھیں

پہاڑوں کو چوٹیاں دمک اٹھیں

میں وجہِ قیام ِطویل ہوں

کہ شب بھی رو پڑے

 خدا بھی پکار اٹھے

 بس کیجیے !بس کیجیے

میں وہ خاکِ خوش نصیب ہوں

جس پہ تحائفِ سماوی کا نزول ہے

میں آنسوئوں سے تروہ دعا ہوں

جسے ازل سے اندیشہ ٔ رد نہیں

جو فقط قبول ہے،قبول ہے

 میں وہ غم ِ بختیار ہوں

جسے دلِ اطہر کی پناہ ملی

 وہ راہ نور ہوں

جسے روشن نگاہ ملی

بس اب اتنی ہے آرزو

پاک فضا میں سانس لوں

زمزم میرا مشروب ہو

سایۂ سبز تلے پڑا رہوں

اور جب ہو عالمِ تشنگی

 ساقیِ دو جہاں کے دستِ فراخ سے

وہ جامِ تمنا نصیب ہو

جس کی سدا تمنا رہی

ڈیرہ غازی خان کی مذہبی و معاشرتی زندگی میں صوفیا کرام کی تعلیمات کے اثرات

Islam is the religion of peace and love for the humanity. It always ordered to his followers to treat other with kind and tolerance. The Holy prophet always proved himself the prophet of mercy as the Holy Quran Said, but we sent you as a mercy to the worlds. Islam spread through politeness. In Subcontinent the advent of Islam is a great achievement of the noble saints and sufis. D۔G Khan which was a purely Hindu area in the past and the several sufis came to this part of Punjab in the initial stage of Islam. They played glorious role in the advent of Islam in the region. Sufism is a deter-mine effort towards unity. His main purpose is to bring humanity close with one another, separated as it is into so many different units, closer together in the deeper understanding of life. The main task is to bring about brotherhood among races, nations and faiths and to respect one another's faith, scripture and teacher. Sufi is to confer Sympathy on these lives, to impart Love, Compassion and Kindhearted-ness on all creations. The Sufi message is the resonance of the same Divine message which has always come and will always come to inform humanity. This research paper highlights the services of sufis who influenced on socio religious life of the people of D۔G Khan. 

Numerical Simulation of Some Boundary Layer Flow Problems

The purpose of this thesis is to present the numerical study of some boundary layer flow and heat transfer problems related to the channel with stretching/shrinking walls, orthogonally moving disks, stretching cylinder, vertical square duct, the stagnation point flow and the pulsatile flow. The study includes the self-similar problems and also the ones for which no similarity solution exists. For the problems of first type, a similarity transformation is used to convert the governing Navier-Stokes equations into a set of nonlinear third or fourth order ODEs. The ones of third order are solved by using the order-reduction technique whereas the later are solved by employing quasi-linearization or pseudo transient approach in which the time plays the role of an iteration parameter until the convergence is reached. In case of second type problems, we have used the three step explicit Runge-Kutta method for the numerical study of the unsteady pulsatile flow of a biofluid in the channel, whereas the numerical simulation in a vertical duct has been carried out by employing the Spectral method and the finite difference method. We have studied the flow and thermal properties of not only the Newtonian fluid but also the biofluid (blood), micropolar and Nano fluids as well. The effects of the governing parameters on different aspects of the problems are discussed through tables and figures.