In the composite products, main attributes to quality problems are design flaws, defects in manufacturing process, material inconsistencies, use of primitive technology, unqualified manpower and defective machines. This research is aimed to integrate the variables involved in design, material, key process control parameters, and testing of polymer composite manufacturing into one generic framework affecting the product quality. To test and validate the proposed framework experimental work was accomplishedand Taguchi method was applied in research. Quantity 27 polymer composite laminates were manufactured according to Taguchi L27 orthogonal array by varying thirteen key parametersincluding weight, thickness, fiber pattern, core type, matrix, resin harden mixing time, layup pattern, temperature, viscosity, tooling, labor, cure and process techniques. Flexure strength and Compressive strength were defined as quality characteristics. Accordingly effect of selected control parameters on flexural properties and compressive properties were studied through destructive testing of test specimens sectioned from 27 laminates. Study results reveal that there is major effect of tooling type, cure,fibre pattern and layup pattern are the most important variables influencing flexure stress whereas resin hardens mixing time, matrix, fibre pattern and process techniques on flexure strain. Fibre pattern, layup pattern, viscosity and matrix have substantial effect on compressive stress whereas fibre pattern, labour, process techniques and cure have significant effect on compressive modulus.The optimized levels of each control parameters for flexure stress, flexure strain, compressive stress and compressive modulus were obtained and results were validated through predictive analysis. The optimized levels predicted the best combination of control parameters to maximize the quality characteristics defined as flexure and compressive properties of polymer composite laminates. Findings of this study and proposed framework are useful for polymer composite application in aviation, sports, mechanical, civil industries and automobile.
This study examines the association of living areas (slum and non-slum) with the selected public health-related variables in the presence of socioeconomic variables among married women and also having a child. A total of 150 women aged 18 to 49 are selected of which 50 women from slums and 100 women are from non-slum areas of Multan by applying the cluster and random sampling techniques. The cross-tabulation method is used to find the results. The dependent variable is Body Mass Index (BMI) and it is analyzed with the socio-economic variables such as mass media index, household characteristics and education. The findings exhibit that the BMI of the women living in the slum areas is low due to a low level of education, lack of mass media access, bad household structures, and poor or ignorant area. The women of the slum area have fewer mass media access, poor status of household characteristics and less education as compared to the women living in the non-slum areas. BMI is significantly affected by area, women's education and household characteristics except for physical work, job status, mass media access and husband education. The findings of this study suggest that to provide health facilities or to reduce the gap in public health, education, mass media access and households characteristics might be considered while making any decision related to the slum and non-slum areas.
Organic semiconductors have made inroad into many area of devices which was formally dominated by inorganic semiconductors because of their wide variety of electronic and optoelectronic properties. They being low cost, light weight and low temperature processing materials provide opportunities to fabricate the variety of devices, such as, solar cells, field effect transistors, lasers, light emitting diodes, sensors, photo detectors, smart windows, large area displays, e-paper, etc. The material manipulation, low cost fabrication techniques and the emerging ideas are bringing about much improved performances in the organic electronic devices. Most of the earlier studies have been reported on the p-type organic semiconductors and little is known about n-types. In the development of future organic electronic industry, all organic complementary circuits are not possible without the availability of both p- and n-type organic semiconductors and data is required on the junction properties and mobility studies of these materials. Plenty of data is available on the junction diodes of p-type organic semiconductors but little is known on the n-type organic semiconductors based junction devices and mobility investigations. In this dissertation, the n-type organic semiconducting materials formyl- TIPPCu(II), N,N ́-di-n-heptyl-2,3:6,7-anthracenetetracarboxydiimide (ADCI7) and N,N ́- di-n-octyl 2,3,6,7 anthracenetetracarboxydiimide (ADCI8) have been investigated as active organic materials for their potential application in organic electronic devices. Using organic semiconductor formyl-TIPPCu(II), junction diode, temperature, light and humidity sensors have been fabricated, while ADCI7 and ADCI8 have been used for the fabrication of n-channel organic thin film transistors. To investigate junction properties of formyl-TIPPCu(II) organic semiconductor, fabrication of Ag/formyl-TIPPCu(II)/p-Si heterojunction diode was undertaken and it was made successfully. Its temperature dependent electrical properties are reported. The values of series resistance, ideality factor, zero bias barrier height are observed strongly dependent on temperature. The series resistance and ideality factor decease while the zero bias barrier height increases with the rise in temperature. viiThe surface type Ag/formyl-TIPPCu(II)/Ag humidity sensors has been fabricated to study the effects of changing relative humidity on the electrical parameters and their frequency dependant responses. The values of capacitance and resistance of the sensors were measured at different humidity levels at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz. An increase in capacitance and decrease in resistance were observed during the rise of relative humidity from 45 to 95% RH. The hysteresis response of these humidity sensors was also studied at the frequency of 1 kHz. Effects of temperature and light are studied on the capacitance and resistance of the Au/formyl-TIPPCu(II)/Au device. The relative capacitance of the fabricated sensor increased by 4.3 times by rising temperature from 27 to 187 0 C, while under illumination up to 25000 lx, the capacitance of the Au/formyl-TIPPCu(II)/Au photo capacitive sensor increased by 13.2 times as compared to dark conditions. ADCI7 and ADCI8 were used to fabricate n-channel organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) on oxidized silicon wafers. To get the high performance of the devices and to avoid the trapping of charge carriers, the dielectric surface were modified by developing the buffer layer of PMMA or by self assembly monolayer (SAM) of HMDS. The OTFTs exhibited high charge mobility of the order of 10 -2 cm 2 V -1 S-1 (ADCI7) and 10 -3 cm 2 V -1 S - 1 (ADCI8) with the on/off ratio of the order of 10 4 showing the appreciable enhancement in the field effect properties of these materials as compared to the previously reported researches for the same family of materials. ADCI7 is introduced as new compound for high mobility n-channel OTFTs.