طاہرہ انعام کی غزلیات پر ایک نظر
انسانی جذبات و احساسات کو منظوم شکل میں پیش کرنا شاعری کہلاتی ہے اور یہ کام صرف اہل درد اور اہل علم و دانش کی ذہنی معراج ہوتی ہے۔دراصل فن شاعری ایک ایسا ہنر ہے جس کے ذریعے باکمال لوگ اپنی قلبی کیفیات کا اظہار ایسے پیرائے میں کرتے ہیں جس کو پڑھ کر قاری ایسے محسوس ہو کہ اس کے دلی جذبات کا اظہار کیا گیا ہے۔اس کے ذریعے زمانے کے تلخ و شیریں تجربات اور رومانوی باتوں کو اشعار کی صورت میں پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔اس کیلئے کسی بھی صنف سخن کو اپنایا جا سکتا ہے۔دور حاضر میں غزل ایک ایسی صنف سخن ہے جس کا ڈنکا چہار اطراف بجتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔اس صنف میں نت نئے تجربات و مشاہدات کے ذریعے کئی نئے باب کھولنے کے روشن امکانات پیدا ہو گئے ہیںتاکہ اس صنف کے نئے دور کے نئے تقاضوں سے ہم آہنگ کیا جا سکے۔اس صنف کے تابندہ مستقبل کیلئے کام کرنے والوں میں ایک نام ممتاز شاعرہ طاہرہ انعام کا بھی ہے۔
طاہرہ انعام کی شاعری میں موجودہ کرب ناک حالات اور المیوں کا بیان بڑے پیمانے پر ہوا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ عشق و وفا میں انسانی جذبات کو مجروح کرنا اور دلی جذبات کو ٹھیس پہنچانا جیسے موضوعات پر بھی خوب لکھا گیا ہے۔شاعرہ نے یہ سب کچھ اپنے شاعری کے مجموعے ’’تراشیدم‘‘ میں لکھا ہے۔اس مجموعے کلام میں زیادہ غزلیات شامل ہیں مگر چند نظمیں بھی پڑھنے والے کو اپنی طرف متوجہ کرنے میں کامیاب نظر آتی ہیں۔اس مجموعہ کلام کا مختصر فکری جائزہ کچھ اس طرح ہے:
شاعر کسی بھی سماج کا حساس ترین فرد ہوتا ہے اردگرد پیش آنے والے حالات و واقعات پر اسکی گہری نظر ہوتی ہے۔عام لوگوں کی...
Menstrual disorders are abnormalities that occur in the menstrual cycle. There are various menstrual disorders that women can experience, ranging from too little or too much menstrual blood, painful menstruation, to depression before menstruation or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Physical activity is divided into three levels, namely light, moderate and heavy physical activity. Physical activity of heavy intensity can cause physiological disorders of the menstrual cycle. Presence of menstruation (amenorrhoea), thinning of the bones (osteoporosis), menstrual irregularities or intermenstrual bleeding, abnormal growth of the uterine wall, and infertility.
During present investigation experiments were conducted on the pest phenology on tomato crop for three years (1989-91), at Pes t Peshawar. Institute, Tarnab, Research Agricultural pehnological studies comprised egg, larval population dynamics, spatial distribution analysis and development of larval time sequential sampling plan. On population dynamics, the regression equation for egg and/or larval population development showed feeble negative p values during 1989 and 1991, and positive p values All equations showed poor correlation during the year 1990. coefficient. The sequent ional sampling programme data showed two distinct population configurations i.e. outbreak and endemic. The differences in growth rates between types were small at first. , A total of ca . 6 samples reached to its peak and then declined. (each week) would be adequate to detect type of configuration in any one year. Spatial pattern of H. armigera Hb . egg distribution during the study revealed that index of dispersion (I.D.) values were more than 1 in 1990 and 1991. However, in 1989 the l.D. values oscillated around 1. Moreover, most of the green''s index (G.I.) values were positive which confirm the negative binomial The I.D. values of the distribution of Hÿ_ armigera Hb. eggs. spatial pattern of H. armigera Hb. larval distribution were mostly higher than 1. Therefore, larval distribution also fits negative binomial distribution. The results of discriminating doses of potassium fertilizer on egg and larval population, and the fruit infestation showed that there was no significant effect of fertilizer on the uptake of tomato plants, on egg and larval population, and on the infestation of tomato. To compare relative efficacy of nine insecticides, one application was done during the year (1989), and three during each remaining two years of study i.e. 1990 and 1991. All the insecticides were found successful in keeping the larval population below outbreak configuration level upto 15 days after spray. ( viii ) S ! Consolidation of study data over a period of three years revealed that Thiodon was statistically the most effective wiLh 77.88 percent larval mortality, followed by Folidol M (75.96%), Sevin (69.32%), Thuricide (67.12%), Dimilin (66.38%), Edcidin (65.32%) and Atabron (59.85%). Permasect and Azodrin were significantly the mortality larval and 54.66% 58.55% with effective least level). The resulLs also respectively (cdii = 17.03 at 0.05 indicated a tendency in the reduction of effectiveness of Folidol M, Azodrin, Dimilin and Thuricide over a period of three years which might probably be due to enhancement in the degree of tolerance developing in H. armiqera Hb . Cluster analysis on the interactions of eggs and larval per plant, percent fruit damage and yield in Kg per plant of 65 toniaLo cultivars gave five cluster groups. Frequency-wise cluster analysis showed two varieties in group A (3.08%), two in B (3.08%), one in C (1.53%), fifty nine in D (90.78%) and one in E (1.53%). In the regression analysis of correlation between characteristics of 65 varieties and H- armiqera Hb. infestation, step-wise model was fitted, the correlation between infestion gave negative dependence larval infestation (-0.3251) with poor correlation (-0.2558) . Similar coefficient results were obtained for correlation between yield and number of larvae per plant (b=0.4Q04, r=0 . 0893 ) The step-wise model correlation between larval chemical/physical population and parameters gave negative dependence on trichome length (-0.0100) and iron content (-15494E- 04) and positive dependence on zinc (0.0028) and vitamin C (0.0279). Cluster analysis on the interaction of larval duration, pupal duration, adult longevity, duration of life cycle, larval and pupal weight and survival to adult stage also gave five cluster groups . Frequency-wise cluster analysis showed two varieties in group A (3.08%), four in B (6.15%), fifty two in C (84.62%), three in D (4.62%) and one in E (1.53%). Tiny Tim being moderately resistant cultivar, was placed in group E. . The results indicated that integration of resistant cultivar, Tiny Tim and Bacillus thurinqiensis had maximum effect on larval mortality and minimum percent fruit infestation, it was followed by accession 87-11(1) also a resistant line, while the maximum infestation was recorded on the most susceptible cultivar, Big long. The host range and average number of larvae/plant of H. armiqera Hb were recorded on soybean (1.63), gram (4.80), tomato (0.31), tobacco (1.64), maize (0.81), sunflower (0.07), okra (0.67), potato (1.92) and burseem (0.90). Gram was observed to be the most favourable host plant of this pest