امام خمینی
حق مغفرت کرے عجب آزاد مرد تھا
انقلاب ایران کے تاریخ ساز قائد، ایران میں اسلامی جمہوریہ کے بانی، روحانی پیشوا اور عالمِ اسلام کے ایک عظیم فرزند علامہ روح اﷲ آیت اﷲ خمینی مرحوم ۳؍جون بروز شنبہ کواپنی علالت اورآپریشن میں ناکامی کے بعد بالآخر وہاں پہنچ گئے جہاں ہم میں سے ہرایک کوایک دن جانا ہے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ راجِعُوْن۔علامہ خمینی کے انتقال کی خبر سے مسلم ممالک میں صفِ ماتم بچھ گئی، موت اَٹل اوربَرحق ہے اور یہ تلخ گھونٹ ہر متنفّس کواپنے وقت پر پینا ہے۔’’کل نفسٍ ذائقۃُ الموت‘‘ اور ’’اِذَا جَآء اجُلُھَا لَا ےَسْتَاخِرُون ساعۃ وَلَا یستقدمون ‘‘ فرمان الٰہی ہے۔
تاہم اس کار گاہِ ہستی میں بعض شخصیات ایسی بھی پیدا ہوتی ہیں، جن کے دنیا سے اُٹھ جانے کے بعد جوخلاء پیداہوتا ہے،اس کاپُر ہونا ممکن نہیں ہوتا ہے۔ یہ حقیقت ہے کہ موجودہ صدی میں جن اہم شخصیات نے جدید تاریخ پرگہرے نقوش واثرات چھوڑے ہیں، اور ایک لمبی مدت تک جن کی یاد باقی رکھی جائے گی ان میں مرحوم رہنما کی انقلاب آفریں ذات بھی شامل ہے۔
بلاشبہ علامہ خمینی کے انتقال سے سیاسی بالغ نظری، جرأت،بے باکی انقلاب، عزم اور خودداری کے ایک دور کاخاتمہ ہوگیا، علامہ خمینی اپنی ذاتی خصوصیات اوصاف اور کمالات کے اعتبار سے ایک پُرکشش، باوضع اوربھاری بھرکم شخصیت کے مالک تھے ان کے بعض عقائد وافکار ونظریات ،سیاسی سوچ و اپروچ اور طریقِ کارسے جمہوری اختلاف کے باوجود ان کی اصول پسندی، جذبۂ حرّیت ،ایثار وقربانی اور جدوجہد کی تعریف کیے بغیر چارۂ کار نہیں ہے۔
علامہ آیت اﷲ خمینی ۱۹۰۰ء میں شمالی ایران کے جران نامی ایک قصبہ خمین میں پیدا ہوئے، کل عمر ۸۹؍ سال کی پائی، بچپن سے ہی آپ کی تعلیم وتربیت ایک خاص ماحول میں ہوئی۔آپ نے اسلامیات ،دینیات ،فقہ اور فلسفہ کے شعبوں...
This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?
The present research work focuses on the study of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with oak forests of Swat and Dir Districts, KPK, Pakistan. During the study, analyses of above ground and below ground fungal taxa associated with oaks were based on different molecular markers, along with morpho-anatomical characterization. Seven sampling areas viz. Kalam (stand 1), Shawar Valley (stand 2), Toa (stand 3), Sultanr (stand 4), Lamati (stand 5), Jetkot (stand 6) and Biar (stand 7) were selected in temperate areas of Swat and Dir Districts, KPK, Pakistan. For ectomycorrhizal communities study, 50 soil cores were randomly taken from each stand. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified by morphotyping and sequence analyses of ITS, LSU and SSU of DNA. For above ground communities study, collected sporocarps were morpho anatomically and phylogenetically characterized. A total of 256 fungal taxa were identified belonging to 58 genera. Among these, 223 species belonging to 41 genera and 28 families were designated as ectomycorrhizal. Ascomycota was represented by 9 families and Basidiomycota by 19 families. Above ground taxa was represented by 53 species belonging to 24 genera and 15 families. From below ground, 183 taxa were identified belonging to 33 genera and 25 families. Thirteen taxa were found from above ground as fruit bodies with their counter parts from below ground in the form of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. The 34 species were found non mycorrhizal, 28 of which were collected as fruiting bodies belonging to 17 genera. The ectomycorrhizal community consisted of a few frequent and many rare fungal taxa. The community was analyzed in term of alpha, beta and gamma diversity by different diversity indices. Effects of edaphic, climatic factors as well as soil factors on fungal communities were also analyzed. From stand 1, Hortiboletus followed by Russula constituted the major part of above ground community while Russula and Cortinarius dominated the below ground community. From stand 2, Scleroderma was found to be most abundant, dominant and diverse genus. From stand 3, Rhizopogon and Cortinarius were found abundant as fruiting bodies while Amanita and Pachyphloeus dominated the below ground communities. From stand 4, Lactarius and Tricholoma were dominating above ground community and below ground community was dominated by Xerocomus. From stand 5, Russula was common in form of fruiting bodies along with Amanita as well as with Lactarius in the form of morphotypes. From stand 6 and 7, Scleroderma dominated above ground community while Russula dominanted below ground component of community. It was observed that host species and age, soil pH, soil nutrients and soil organic matter influenced the distribution pattern of fungal species. The stand 3 (Toa) with high pH represented hyperdiverse fungal taxa in form of fruiting bodies. The sampling stand 1 (Kalam) with maximum amount of P, EC and organic matter showed maximum frequency and colonization of fungal taxa from below ground community. These findings were supported by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis. These results indicate high fungal diversity associated with these forests. This hyperdiversity of taxa is due to many factors as these forests are natural forests of hundreds of years old, undisturbed, lack any anthropogenic activities and without undergoing any disaster which support such a divers communities associated with these forests. This study focused on parameters for community studies in terms of abundance, diversity, frequency and dominance to describe the distribution pattern of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mopho-anatomical and molecular data deposited in different repositories could be utilized as a source of perspective for further taxonomic and phylogenetic work. The generated data during this study would helpful in forest and nursery management as well as restoration of rapidly declining oak forests to conserve them.