Routing, having focal responsibility in MANET’s successful operation, are based on the assumption of nodes’ cooperation. However, this assumption exposes routing to various insider attackers. These attackers are the legal participants having privileged access to network when inducing attacks on routing. Furthermore, these insider attackers are either in the form of selfish nodes or malicious nodes. The motive of selfish node is saving its resources by not cooperating in routing activities whereas the purpose of malcious node is to attack the network. Therefore, providing security in routing against affirmed attackers has emerged a challenging issue in MANETs. In research community, trust management schemes are used to defend routing against insider attackers. The very focus of this research is to develop a trust management scheme for securing routing from insider attackers to launch blackhole and greyhole attacks. We proposed a trust management scheme, named as MT-SECURER (“Multi Factors Trust for Secure and Reliable Routing in MANETs”), for making routing secure against insider attackers (i.e., blackhole and greyhole attackers). This scheme develops trust from multiple factors, i.e., “node’s cooperation” from communication networks and “node’s relationship maturity” and “mutual friends” from social networks. Whereas for trust development, nodes’ personal observations along with neighbours’ recommendations are utilized. Neighbors’ recommendations, having a pivotal role in computation of trust, if hampered may entail in colossal attacks from dishonest trust recommenders such as “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion”. Therefore, mitigation of dishonest trust recommendations has emerged as a stimulating research issue in trust management systems. In order to cater these challenges associated with dishonest trust recommendations, a technique named “intelligently Selection of Trust Recommendations based on Dissimilarity factor (iSTRD)” has been devised. iSTRD exploits observer node’s personal experience in conjunction with majority vote of the recommenders for removing dishonest trust recommendations. For performance analysis, MT-SECURER is used with AODV and DSR routing protocols and detail simulations are performed in order to examine the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in presence of blackhole and greyhole attackers and nodes’ mobility. The experimental results show significant improvement in “detection rate”, “packet delivery ratio”, throughput and “normalized routing load” with slightly increased “average end-to-end delay” when compared to contemporary schemes. Furthermore, iSTRD successfully removes the trust recommendations of “low trustworthyrecommenders” aswellasdishonesttrustrecommendationsof“highlytrustworthy recommenders”. Its efficacy is evident from enhanced accuracy of “recognition rate”, “false rejection” and “false acceptance”. Moreover, experiential results depict that iSTRD has unprecedented performance compared to contemporary techniques in presence of “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion” attacks.
ناطق نے ناول میں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیاہے عصری دور میں جزئیات نگاری کواتنی اہمیت نہیں دی جاتی۔مصنف نے اس کے برعکس اپنے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں جزئیات نگاری کو بڑھا دیا ہے اور ہر ایک واقعے کی جزئیات کو بیان کیا ہے۔اس طرح ایک طرف تو تحریر میں خوبصورتی پیدا ہوئی پر ساتھ ساتھ کہانی غیر ضروری طوالت میں چلی گئی۔ وہ اپنی زندگی میں جن حالات سے گزر چکے ہیں انھوں نے ان سب کو بتانے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ایک ایک پل کو اس طرح بتایا ہے کہ قاری’’ضامن‘‘کی زندگی کو جزئیات نگاری کی وجہ سے مکمل جانتا ہے وہ کب ،کس پل ،کہاں ،کیا کرتا ہے سب باتوں کو ناطق نے تفصیلاًبیان کیا ہے۔بات یہ بھی درست ہے کہ جب قاری ناول پڑھتا ہے تو اسے خود حالات و واقعات کو مکمل جان لینے کی دھن ہوتی ہے۔اس لیے اگر مصنف نے ان حالات کو مدنظر نہ رکھا ہو تا تو ناول صرف ایک بیانیہ کہلاتا۔جزئیات نگاری قاری کی دلچسپی کو بڑھاتی ہے۔مصنف نے بھی ناول میں مکمل ماحول کا نقشہ قاری کے ذہن میں ابھارا ہے اپنی جزئیات نگاری کی مدد سے یہ قاری کیلئے انہماک کا ذریعہ ہے۔
Poverty is a global issue, particularly, related to the developing countries. The whole world is taking measures to eradicate it. People have different types of talent to earn money. Some are skilled, some have good entrepreneurship ideas and some others are good at manual work. We find that a great number of such skilled people are suffering from lack of resources in Pakistan and therefore not properly able to exert their skills to their utmost. Pakistan, being a developing country, is suffering from the issue of poverty. Many efforts were made for the alleviation of poverty during various regimes. Pakistan People’s Party introduced the Benazir Income Support Program. The same program has been maintained by the present Muslim League (Nawaz) government, due to its so-called utility. However, the fact is that its utility is not promising, as the meager amount given to the needy ones consumes in the daily expenditures and produces no lasting good. Contrary to this thesis of alms-giving, an anti-thesis is provided by the tradition of the Holy Prophet, Muhammad (S. A. W), which emphasizes the provision of interest-free loan. The loan without interest, can enable a person to run his or her business, according to his or her capacity and the person can become independent. The present paper explores the prospects that how interest-free loan is more effective in removing poverty than alms-giving on a regular basis by the government.
Today, we live in a world, where data storage capacity and the cost associated to it are not that big of problems. The process of storing files and documents have become quite easy for users. Devices with spacious memory allow you to deal with storing huge amount of data. Few years back, when computer memory was a significant barrier, the files and documents existed in paper format with hundreds of copies at times, thus making the process of managing them problematic. The sorting, searching and organizing of hundreds and thousands of papers lying around is not only time consuming but also a great waste of papers. With an ever increasing number of files, the manual efficiency fails to serve the purpose in an effective and timely manner. Observing these problems on almost daily basis inspired us for working on a possible solution, therefore, a prototype, web based document management system is designed and built as a part of our final year project