Infill walls are normally considered as nonstructural components in Reinforce Concrete (RC) frames, and are often neglected in the structural analysis and design because of their complex behavior. In Pakistan, which is the 6th most populous country of the world, RC frames with infill walls is popular form of construction. Therefore, the principal objective of this research is to investigate the effect of infill walls on RC frame structures under lateral loading designed to BCP-SP2007. To achieve the desired objectives, this research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, six full scale, single story and single bay RC frames were tested. The variables, in these frames were opening type, opening location and quantity of infilled material used. These frames were representative of typical construction in Pakistan. Before the construction of the frames, engineering properties of the constituent materials were determined according to the ASTM standards. Frames were tested in displacement-control under quasi-static loading arrangement and crack propagation, collapse hierarchy and damaged levels were studied in detail. Discussion includes crack and failure patterns, hysteresis curves, energy dissipation, back bone curve, stiffness degradation, strength, displacement ductility, ductility factor, over strength factor, response modification factor and performance levels obtained. It was concluded from this phase that infill wall increased the strength and stiffness of the reinforced concrete frame. By providing door opening at the center, not at the side of infilled wall strength increased but stiffness decreased. Strength and stiffness are related to quantity of infilled wall used. Energy dissipation and performance levels are affected by infilled wall, and also affected by opening type and opening location in the infilled wall. It was also concluded that response modification factor is more sensitive to material strength and geometric configuration (period of structure) as compared to the single value of 8.5 for concrete special moment resisting frame being adopted by Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (BCP SP-2007). In the second phase of this research, a half scale model of two story and two bay prototype was tested on a 6DOF/60-ton capacity shake table. The prototype was designed for Zone IV as per BCP SP-2007. Similitude relations based on dimensional analysis were drawn before the construction of the model. It was the first large scaled model designed according to BCP SP2007. It was tested on newly installed largest shake table in the history of Pakistan. Acquisition ii of material was done according to the scale of the models. Before the construction of model on the shake table, it was validated with 18-ton and 48-ton service loads, because the shake table was operated for the first time and it was necessary for design of experimental testing of program. Infill walls were provided at various locations with different combinations of door and window openings. Three different test runs were performed on the model, using shake table. Before and after performing each run of high intensity, ambient and free vibration tests were performed to compute the natural frequency and damping of the model. To capture full range of the performance of the model, it was subjected to a series of sinusoidal motion with increasing frequency starting from 0.4, 0.5, 0.75 to 7.5 Hz with the increment of 0.25 Hz. The duration of the sinusoidal motion was kept around 20 seconds, and the data was recorded for 25 seconds at a sampling frequency of 200 Hz without applying any anti-aliasing filter. Acceleration response histories and displacement response histories from the respective accelerometer and displacement transducers installed at the top, mid and base/bottom of the model were interpreted from which hysteretic curves were drawn. Energy dissipation was calculated for the first story, second story and for whole structure by finding area enclosed by the hysteretic curves. It was concluded from this phase that masonry infilled panel wall alters the global response of the structure by decreasing the natural time period of the structure. After the generation of the cracks and dislodging of portions of infill walls, the natural frequency of the structure decreases and it follows different patterns depending on the properties and geometry of the infilled panel. Infilled panel with door and window openings is more vulnerable to lateral loadings, and nonuniform distribution of the infilled wall produces torsion in the structure. The RC frame design behaved well (expect in fills) thus showing worthiness of BCP-SP 2007, however update to codes are needed based on this research and special attention to Nonstructure components is needed.
آہ! مولانا پروفیسر سید محمد اجتباء ندوی مرحوم افسوس کہ گذشتہ ماہ ہندوستان کی ملت اسلامیہ، ایک اور نمایاں اور قابل قدر ہستی کی خدمات سے محروم ہوگئی، خبر آئی کہ مشہور عالم، عربی اور اردو کے ممتاز صاحب قلم مولانا پروفیسر سید محمد اجتباء ندوی نے ۲۰؍ جون کو دہلی میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مولانا مرحوم ہمارے علما کے اس طبقے سے تھے جن کی تعلیم و تربیت خالص دینی بنیادوں پر استوار ہوئی لیکن جن کے فیضان نظر سے عصری تعلیم کے ادارے بھی بہرہ ور ہوئے اور جنہوں نے اپنے علم و عمل سے جدید دانش گاہوں میں صرف دینی اداروں کی عظمت و توقیر میں ہی اضافہ نہیں کیا بلکہ اس مذہبی حمیت و غیرت اور خالص دینی تشخص کی پاسداری، بڑی استواری سے کی جس کا اولین سبق انہوں نے اپنے والد ماجد مولانا سید محمد مصطفی سے حاصل کیا تھا، ان کے والد ضلع بستی میں حضرت سید احمد شہیدؒ کی دعوت اور طرز تربیت میں اپنے جدامجد سید جعفر علی نقوی کے جانشین تھے جن کو امام شہیدؒ کی قربت ومعیت حاصل تھی، حضرت سید احمد شہیدؒ سے تعلق کا مبارک اثر ان کے پورے خاندان پر رہا، جس کی وجہ سے والدین نے بچپن ہی سے اسلامی و اخلاقی کہانیاں سنا کر اور خود اپنے عمل سے ایسی ذہن سازی کی کہ آئندہ زندگی میں وہ جہاں بھی رہے، راہ حق و جادۂ اعتدال سے ذرا منحرف نہیں ہوئے، دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلما کے بعد انہوں نے دمشق یونیورسٹی اور علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے سندیں حاصل کیں اور طالب علمی کے بعد معلمی کا دور جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ، کشمیر یونیورسٹی اور الہ آباد یونیورسٹی میں پورا کیا، پروفیسر ہوئے، صدر شعبہ ہوئے، اس کے علاوہ درمیان میں کچھ وقفہ مدینہ منورہ، ریاض و...
Strategic issues are the core of the work of business organizations and occupy the main pillar of the work of commercial banks, whose fields of work and their competitive environment have developed. Strategic flexibility has become an urgent and binding issue for the commercial banking sector to keep pace with environmental changes and developments and raise the performance of banks to keep pace with environmental developments. The research aims to delve into two very important variables by doing The commercial banking sector, which is flexibility The strategy and performance of the banks. Six commercial banks were chosen to be happy with the research (Baghdad, Iraqi investment, Gulf, investment development, Al-Mansour, Babylon). A member of bank managers, people's officials, and accountants in commercial banks. The data were subjected to statistical analysis by applying the statistical program (spss). The results demonstrated an impact on the overall level of the two variables. The study (strategic flexibility, bank performance) The findings revealed the existence of relationships between (banking service flexibility, competitive flexibility, investment flexibility, and human resource flexibility). And bank performance at the sub-dimension level (financial dimension, customer dimension, internal operations dimension, education and growth dimension). The study came to a set of conclusions and suggestions.
The paradigm of lifelogging promises the development of automatic systems for recording users'' life events information digitally and develops an electronic prosthetic memory for providing complementary assistance to human biological memory. Several lifelogging systems are invented by assimilating computing and sensory technologies to capture, annotate, and retrieve lifelong information. The wearable technology has gained market traction; however, has several limitations including hard-to-work environment, number of sensors, uni-faceted, etc. Therefore, they are unable to use contextual semantics for organizing lifelog information like in human episodic memory. In addition, the large-scale adaptation of lifelogging is possible, if lifelogging functionality is integrated in devices that are already owned and maintained by users. To bridge the gap, this thesis examines smartphone technology for developing a common understanding of using smartphone as a de-facto lifelogging device. The various contextual semantics from smartphone sensors data and their potential applications in lifelogging are identified. The semantic model (i.e., ontology) is developed and tested for using the contextual semantics to organize, annotate, and relate lifelog information in similar to human episodic memory, and provide enough contextual cues to recall lifelog information like associative recall in human memory. The semantic framework is proposed to unify the research efforts by incorporating smartphone''s sensors and processing capabilities, and semantic model to develop a semantically enriched digital prosthetic memory on smartphone. The proof-of-concept application called Semantic Lifelogging (SLOG) is developed to show the practicality of the proposed framework. The empirical evaluation has shown effectiveness of the methodology. In addition, future research directions are highlighted to help researchers in finding research topics.