فاخرہریانوی (۱۹۰۱ء۔۱۹۷۷ء) کا اصل نام دین محمد تھا اور تخلص فاخرؔ تھا۔ فاخرؔ ہریانہ ضلع ہوشیا ر پور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے ۱۹۳۱ء میں بی او ایل کیا۔ پھر پنجاب ایجوکیشن ڈیپارٹمنٹ سے ۱۹۳۵ء میں سینئر اینگلو ورینکولر کا سرٹیفکیٹ لیا۔ تعلیم کے بعد اردو مرکز لاہور میں ملازم ہو گئے۔ جگر مراد آبادی ،اصغر گونڈوی او ر یاس یگانہ چنگیزی بھی ان دنوں اس مرکز سے منسلک تھے۔ اصغر کے چلے جانے کے بعد فاخر کو اس ادارے کا ناظم بنا دیا گیا۔ فاخر نے کچھ عرصہ پنجاب لیجسلیٹو کونسل میں مترجم کی حیثیت سے بھی کام کیا۔ ۱۹۲۹ء میں فاخر شعبہ تعلیم میں چلے گئے۔ ملازمت کے سلسلے میں وہ بہت سے علاقوں میں رہے۔ اور آخر کار پسرور میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔(۴۳۲)
’’موجِ صبا‘‘ فاخرؔ کا واحد شائع شدہ شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ جو فروری ۱۹۶۶ء میں ایوانِ ادب لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کا دیباچہ پروفیسر حمید احمد خان نے لکھا ہے ۔ا س کی ترتیب میں ضیاء محمد ضیاء اور طاہر شادانی کی تلاش اور تفتیش شامل ہے۔ مرتبین نے اسے سات حصوں ،حمدیہ ،جذبات و افکار،رومان ،دیہاتی نغمے ،یادِ رفتگاں ،سیاسیات اور متفرقات میں تقسیم کیا ہے۔ یہ شعری مجموعہ ۲۴۰ صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کی تفریظ ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا نے لکھی ہے۔ اشکِ عمل ان کا غیر مطبوعہ مجموعہ ہے۔فاخر نے سب سے پہلے مسدس حالی کی بحر میں اشکِ عمل قلمبند کروائی ہے۔ اول حصہ حمد باری تعالیٰ اور دوسرا حصہ حضورؐ کی زندگی سے متعلق اہم واقعات پر مشتمل ہے۔ ان میں تبلیغ اسلام فتح مکہ اور جنگ احد بالخصوص قابل ذکر ہیں- فاخرؔ نے قرآن مجید کا منظوم ترجمہ بھی کرنا شروع کیا لیکن ادھورا چھوڑ دیا۔ پھر ایام پیری میں دوبارہ اس کا م کا عزم کیا ۔قرآن مجید کی آیاتِ کریمہ کو بغیر قافیہ ردیف...
Abu Al-Rab ‘ Sulaymn Bin Msá Al-Kal‘ (565 A. H -- 634 A. H) is a great Srah writer. In this article, his scholarly and personal characteristics, the list of his works, tributes from scholars to his services and scholarly rank of Al-Kal‘ are presented. After presenting his personal features, an introduction and research analysis of his book “AlIktif’ fi Maghz Al-Mutafá wa Al-thalthah Al-Khulaf ’ ” is given. Al-Kal‘ was a great scholar and authentic Srah writer. He got knowledge of Hadth from Abul ‘At’. He attended the lectures of various scholars of Hadth such as Abul Qsim bin Al-Jaysh, Abu Bakr bin Jadd, Abu Abdullh bin Zarkn, Abdullh bin Fakhkhr, Abu Muhammad bin Jamhr, Najbah bin Yahy. Many great scholars of Hadth such as Q Tnas were his pupils and brought his knowledge to far off countries. Al-Kal‘ wrote many books on Hadth and Srah. Ibn Farhn, Abul Abbs and many other scholars have praised and paid tribute to Al-Kal‘ in their works. Main objective of the book under discussion, Al-Iktif’, is to disseminate knowledge of Srah and Hadth prolifically. Al-Kal‘ has kept in mind the caution and the principles of Srah writing derived from the Holy Qur’n. Sulaymn Bin Msá has a great quality of writing Srah books. He can be called a born scholar and a writer. His quest for knowledge took him in different cities and he gained the best of knowledge and intellect that can be seen in all of his writings. He can be called a preserver and a protector of Srah literature. He is considered the most honored and dignified person among the scientific and cultural tradition of Andalusiyah. This article proves his abilities, qualities and excellence of work.
The thesis consists of four independent essays on investment behavior in Pakistan. These include (i) Investment Trends and Policies in Pakistan; (ii) Political and Economic Uncertainty and Investment Behavior in Pakistan (iii) Private, Public and Foreign Investment Nexus in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis of Crowding-in/out Effects; and (iv) Investment Behavior in Pakistan: A Sector-Wise Analysis of Private and Public Investment. The first essay surveys investment trends and policy framework for the economy of Pakistan. The economic situation in Pakistan has endured many fluctuations since independence in 1947. The situation is not different for the case of investment patterns throughout the history of the country. In addition to that, the country has been confronted with multiple policy changes such as nationalization, denationalization, privatization etc. coupled with political instability. The study analyzes the (i) trends of public, private domestic and foreign direct investments along with trends of total investment and economic (GDP) growth; distribution of aggregate investment; and (ii) sector-wise composition of private and government investments for the time span 1959-60 to 2014-2015. The analysis reveals that over the period private domestic investment has dominant share in total investment compared to public investment and foreign direct investment. Sector-wise private investment composition shows the dominant share of services over time. On the other hand, in case of sector wise composition for the public investment the general government investment has witnessed the rising trends over the years and emerged as a leading sector followed by industry and services respectively. The second essay examines the impact of macroeconomic uncertainty and political (in) stability, controlling for other determinants of investment, on aggregate/total gross fixed investment in Pakistan. Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used to analyse the investment behavior under uncertainty. The study finds that political stability affects the aggregate investment significantly and positively in the long-run. The impact of macroeconomic uncertainty on investment is found to be negative and significant. Other findings are consistent with literature. Analysis in the third essay aims to empirically explore the public, private domestic and foreign direct investments nexus to figure out the direction and relative strength of the relationship. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) the interrelationship among the private domestic investment, public investment, foreign direct investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is analysed. The results show that all the three types of investments (private domestic, public and foreign direct) are substituting (i.e. crowding-out) each other while these investments are robust determinants of economic growth. The fourth essay investigates the determinants of private sector investment in major economic activities/categories viz. agriculture, industry and services and public investment including general government investment for the Pakistan economy. The models of private gross fixed investment in each sector and public investment are developed in the light of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modeling technique is applied for each case to analyze investment behavior in Pakistan. The overall findings of the study are in line with theoretical models as well as dynamics of the economy. The results reveal that the accelerator model performs well for both private and public investments while the user cost of capital is not significantly explaining private investment behavior. The behavior across the sectors not only differs in terms of overall but also sector-specific determinants. The findings also suggest the structural change process in investment patterns for the Pakistan economy.