اقبال کی شاعرانہ شخصیت کی کلید دریافت کرنے نکلیں تو اسالیب کی نئی کہکشاں ہمارے سامنے آجاتی ہے۔ یہ اقبال کا فن ہے کہ فلسفے کو شاعری کی راہ پر چڑھا دیا۔ اقبال کو نہ لکھنوی دبستان کی پرواہ تھی اور نہ ہی دلی سے غرض ۔ اقبال شاعری کے حوالہ سے ایک خاص نقطۂ نظر رکھتے تھے۔ آپ نے اپنی شاعری سے قوم کو بیدار کرنے کا فریضہ انجام دیا جو ہر شاعر کےبس کی بات نہیں۔
ان نیک مقاصد کے لیے آپ نے فلسفہ خودی متعارف کرایا اور اس کی تکمیل کے لیے بے خودی کا فلسفہ پیش کیا۔ اس طرح فرد اور ملت کا باہم تعلق مضبوط کیا۔ اقبال نے اپنی فارسی شاعری کے ذریعے پورے ایشیاء میں بیداری کی لہر دوڑادی اور مغرب کی غلامی سے نجات کے لیے قوموں کو بیدار کر دیا۔یہ سب کام اقبال نے اندرونی جذبہ بیدار کرنے سے کیا صرف بیرونی جذبے سے قو میں انقلاب کے لیے کھڑی نہیں ہوتیں۔ لوگوں کے دلوں میں آزادی کی لہر پیدا کی پھرانقلاب کے لیے لوگ آگے بڑھنے کے لیے تیار ہوئے۔ اقبال نے اپنی شاعری کو ان نیک مقاصد کے لیے استعمال کیا۔
اقبال کی شاعری زبان و ادب کا بھی بہترین نمونہ ہے۔ اقبال نے اس میں اجتہادی فیصلے بھی کیے ہیں کہیں مقطع میں تخلص سے گریز تو کہیں مطلع سے گریز ۔ گویا مقطع کے بغیر ہی غزل ۔ اس طرح پوری غزل میں نظم کا انداز یا پھر تظلموں میں غزل کا انداز مگر اقبال نےشاعرانہ اسالیب کا استعمال نہایت ہی عمدہ انداز سے کیا ہے۔ کوئی بھی فن کا ر اپنے مطالعہ اور اپنے فن سے اپنی شاعری کو دلکش بناتا ہے مگر اقبال کا مقام ان فن کاروں سے کہیں زیادہ بلند ہے جو روزانہ شاعری کرتے نظر آتے تھے۔ اقبال ایک پیام...
ABSTRACT: The paper aims to analyze the behavior of Islamic consumers that how they can get the maximum possible satisfaction in divine constraints. Islamic consumers ought to be socially conscious economic agents. They will always take into consideration that what their consumption means for the rest of the society? In the Islamic theory of consumption, we essentially look for both “religious success and personal gains”. Islam believes in aggregate welfare but at the same time it does not ignore personal gain i. E. Maximization of personal utility or profit. A rational Islamic consumer will never spend all his money on material goods for maximization of his own utility. He will allocate some portion of his earning towards spending in the way of Allah (S. W. T), thus the total utility for an Islamic consumer can be decomposed into two parts; material utility plus eternal utility. We have assumed that eternal utility is at least as good as worldly utility (U, >Um) ¥ \ye conclude that total utility derived from spending on material goods plus eternal utility derived from spending in the way of Allah (SWT) will be at least as good as utility derived from the ncome of the consumer allocated towards the consumption of material commodities only. Finally, we may conclude that based upon the satisfaction of needs in divine context, resources will be allocated towards Islamically valid, humanly productive and economically efficient goods and services. PDF
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crop and present study is conducted to explore the potential of experimental material for high grain yield and protein contents through a planned breeding programme. In the proposed study molecular markers have also been planned for the detection of polymorphism as well as hybrid purity assessment for the improvement of yield and quality in wheat. Ten wheat cultivars/ lines were hybridized according to Line × Tester fashion in randomized complete block design with triplicates. Data was recorded for various quantitative and qualitative traits and then it was subjected to biometrical analysis. Significant variability was observed between parents and their hybrids. This study revealed the importance of general combining ability (GCA) as compared to the specific combining ability (SCA). Line WN-146 showed significant positive GCA for number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per spike and grain protein contents. Chakwal-86 and Punjab-11 showed significant GCA effects for grain yield per plant among testers. Punjab-11 and WN-146 were found to be the best general combiners among testers and lines for grain yield as well as grain protein contents. Cross combinations WN-146 x Miraj-08, WN-136 x Punjab-11, and WN-64 x Punjab-11 exposed highest positive and significant SCA effects for grain yield per plant. Crosses WN-122 x Miraj-08 and WN-64 x Chakwal-86 had best SCA for grain yield and protein contents. The results of the genetic studies showed that almost all the traits except total soluble sugars showed additive genetic effects with moderate to high heritability. Heterosis studies showed that hybrid vigour existed could be exploited for the commercial production of wheat and selection of enviable crosses is the best option to improve the wheat grain yield. The cross combinations WN-113 x Saher-06, WN-136 x Chakwal-86, WN-64 x Aas-11, WN-64 x Saher-06 and WN-122 x Miraj-08 were the superior hybrids which could be further exploited because of their potential to produce high yield as well as nutrition. Substantial heterosis (23.79%) and heterobeltiosis (20.37%) for grain protein contents was shown by the cross WN-136 x Chakwal-86. Cross combinations WN-64 x Aas-11, WN-64 x Punjab-11, WN-122 x Aas-11 and WN-136 x Saher-06 exposed significantly positive and exploitable heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant. Cross combinations WN-122 x Aas-11 and WN-136 x Saher-06 produced better yield and grain protein contents simultaneously. Grain yield per plant is most important and preferred in wheat breeding that revealed significant positive association with flag leaf area, plant height and number of grains per spike but it had strongly negative correlation with grain protein contents. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) amplifications showed highest similarity between genotypes WN-146 and WN-146 x Aas-11 (84.73%) while the most diverse genotypes were Chakwal-86 and WN-122 x Saher-06 (68.2%). Genetic diversity between the wheat genotypes ranged from 17.4 to 70.3 percent as revealed by using twenty three (SSRs) markers. Confirmation of twenty five hybrids was also verified using SSRs. The information acquired from these results during the current studies may be used to develop high yielding and more nutritive varieties which can produce economic yield.