پاکستان جیسے ملک میں پولیس کی سستی اور عدم تعاون کا مرکز عمومی طور پر حدودمقدمات ہوتے ہیں ۔ پھر ان مقدمات کا دعویٰ بہت تاخیر سے دائر ہوتا ہے ۔ پھر بہت زیادہ تاخیر سے ان مقدمات کے کیس عدالتوں میں لگتے ہیں اور بآلاخر ان مقدمات کے فیصلے بھی بہت سالوں بعد ہوتے ہیں ۔اس کی بنیادی وجہ پولیس کی سستی ، رشوت کی عادات ، وکلاء کا عدم تعاون اور ججز کی تعداد کا کم ہونا ہے۔ پاکستانی معاشرہ اس وقت جرائم کا گڑھ بن چکا ہے ۔ روزاانہ کی بنیاد پر کافی زیادہ جرائم رپورٹ بھی ہوتے ہیں اور ان کی FIR بھی درج ہو تی ہیں ۔پھر یہ مقدمات عدلیہ کے سامنے پیش ہو تے ہیں ۔ اس طرح حدود وقصاص کے مقدمات سالوں تک چلتے ہیں۔ اس کے علاوہ اداروں کے آپس میں مربوط نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے حدود وقصاص کے مقدمات کو غلط طریقے سے نمٹایا جا تا ہے۔ وقت پر انصاف نہ ملنے کی وجہ سے مظلو م اور متضرر اپنے عدالتی نظام سے اور انصاف نہ ملنے پر ریاست سے بھی بد ظن ہو جاتے ہیں ۔
The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), introduced in 2008-09, is a unique cash support scheme for economically stressed families. Its uniqueness arises from several facets. The cash transfers are provided only to women aged over 18 years and have been ever married. It is unconditional and aimed at supplementing income as opposed to alleviating poverty. It was politically neutral, given that the facility to identify potential beneficiaries was extended to all parliamentarians, irrespective of party affiliation. A set of filters, applied electronically, ensured objectivity in beneficiary selection. Disbursement mechanism was automated to ensure minimal leakage. This paper outlines the process of the preparatory work that went into designing BISP – the conceptual debates, the beneficiary identification and disbursement procedures, etc. – involving a combination of high quality research with political decision making. It also addresses the debates surrounding BISP, cites independent empirical studies that show that the parliamentarian-based beneficiary selection mechanism was efficient and equitable and did indeed cover the deserving, and also responds to the variety of criticisms. ______
Complex laminar flows of incompressible fluids have been investigated numerically. Both Newtonian and generalised non–Newtonian fluids are simulated, whilst for generalised non–Newtonian fluids, two shear thinning models, i.e., Bird–Carreau and Power law, are employed. Both models are. For numerical investigation the flow problem adopted is two–dimensional axisymmetric periodically constricted tube. The frame of reference used in the investigation is cylindrical polar co–ordinates. For the simulation two–dimensional momentum transport equation is solved using a Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical scheme used is known as Taylor–Galerkin/pressure–correction algorithm. In open literature this problem is simulated only for single aspect ratio (amplitude) of the undulation in the absence of fibres. Whereas, in this research investigation principal aim is introduction of fibre reinforced composite material. Different aspect ratios of undulation are also simulated at various inertial forces. For comparison purpose with other experimental results as well as numerical prediction, initially, flow is considered for constant viscosity Newtonian fluids through periodically constricted tube. Subsequently, from dilute to semi–dilute rigid rod like fibre suspended in all fluid models, i.e., constant viscosity, Bird–Carreau and Power law fluids have been examined. For different undulation levels of periodically constricted tube, the critical values of the Reynolds number have been identified, where beginning of embryo recirculation region starts. As inertial force increases, augmentation of vortex is observed in the undulation region. While, introducing fibres vortices shrinks in length and intensity. For Newtonian, power law and Bird–Carreau models pressure isobars are also demonstrated. In all levels of fibre concentration, the graphical illustration of calculated data for friction factor as well as empirical relationships is illustrated for all undulation aspect ratios.