Membrane is a thin, delicate, flat sheet which acts as a barrier for selective transport of species under the impact of some driving force. Membrane technology has gained important place in industrial and medicinal field because of its easy utility, efficient performance and low cast. Hemodialysis is an extensively used medical therapy for renal failure and dialysis membranes are essential components of a hemodialysis. The essential properties of a dialysis membrane are high mass transfer of toxic solutes (urea and uric acid) to reduce the dialysis time, maximum protein rejection ability and moderate water flux. Protein adsorption or deposition on the surface or in its pores results in reduction in flux, change of selectivity of the membrane and the low toxin elimination. Polymeric membrane fabricated from cellulose, regenerated cellulose and synthetic polymers are well known for dialysis. Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate (CA) membranes were prepared through phase inversion method and they were modified by blending various organic and inorganic additives. The effects of these additives on membrane’s morphology were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Contact Angle. Fabricated membrane’s performance was studied in terms of pure water flux, porosity, water uptake, BSA rejection and urea clearance tests. Biocompatibility and blood mimic tests were conducted to find the interaction of synthesized membrane towards cell culture and blood comparable fluids. In first part, CA was blended with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG). The membranes were modified by blending CA/PEG casting solution with glycol. The modified membrane showed good selectivity for urea but was not suitable for dialysis operation. Hence, the composition was reformed using Hydroxyapatite particles (inorganic additive).The results showed enhanced BSA rejection and urea clearance but the obtained percentages were low to be utilized in dialysis. The biocompatibility outcomes of CA/PEG/HA membrane make it appropriate for other biomedical applications. ix In the second part, CA was blended with organic additives including sericine, Poly vinylpyrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene imine (PEI) to improve BSA rejection and Urea clearance of polymeric membrane. These membranes possess moderate pure water flux and hydrophilicity. Performance evaluation investigations confirmed that all these membranes had good pure water flux and BSA rejection above 90%.Membranes fabricated using blend of CA and PEI have highest urea clearance of 67.2%. So, this membrane was selected for further adjustment. During the last part, effect of solvent on CA/PEI dialysis membrane was investigated. Various solvents including acetic acid, formic acid, N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and 1-Methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP) were tested. The performance efficiency of synthesized membranes verified to, when CA was blended with formic acid (F.A) have desired dialysis characteristics. It possesses moderate hydrophilicity, desired pure water flux value, optimum water uptake, above 98% BSA rejection and urea clearance percentage of 69%. The biocompatibility tests were conducted for CA/PEI/FA membrane using MTT (3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide )assay. It was found that the materials selected for this membrane fabrication were most suitable for dialysis application. Highest cell viability and cellular attachment found in biocompatibility analysis was higher in comparison with commercial dialysis tubing and non-treated control standard. CA/PEI/F.A membrane was further inspected via blood mimic solution to find the performance of membrane commensurate with blood type feed. The up short of the present work is that CA/PEI/F.A membrane is the best possible solution for dialysis. Providing new insight in the dialysis domain; this membrane is not only cost effective but also has high BSA rejection and Urea clearance. Accordingly, biocompatibility and blood mimic results prove it to be the finest device/implant for hemodialyser unit.
مولانا محمد عثمان فارقلیط سخت افسوس ہے کہ مولانا محمد عثمان فارقلیط بھی ہم سے جدا ہوگئے۔ تقریباً اسّی برس کی عمر پائی۔مرحوم گوناگوں خوبیوں اورکمالات کے بزرگ تھے،علوم دینیہ و عربیہ کی باقاعدہ تکمیل مختلف مدارس میں اور بعض اربابِ کمال کی صحبت میں رہ کر شخصی طور پرکی تھی۔شروع میں طبیعت مناظرہ کی طرف مائل تھی،اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے عیسائیت اوراُس کے لٹریچر کامطالعہ بڑی وقّتِ نظر اوروسعت سے کیا تھا۔ اسی شوق میں انھوں نے انگریزی پڑھی اوراُس میں بڑی اچھی استعداد پیدا کرلی، ساتھ ہی سنسکرت اور عبرانی زبان سے بھی واقفیت پیداکی،لیکن ان کی تقدیر میں اُردو زبان کاعظیم صحافی ہونا لکھا تھا،اس لیے وہ جلدہی جرنلزم کی طرف مائل ہوگئے۔ پہلے اِدھر اُدھر دہلی اور پنجاب میں مختلف اخبارات کی ادارت کرتے رہے ،اس کے بعد اخبار الجمعیۃ سے وابستہ ہوئے تو ایک مختصر وقفہ کومستثنیٰ کرکے اُس کے ہو کررہ گئے اورساری زندگی اُس کے لیے وقف کردی۔ مرحوم کا سیاسی اورمذہبی مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھا۔طبعاً نہایت ذہین اورطباع تھے۔ قلم بے حد شگفتہ تھا، جوکچھ لکھتے تھے بہت صاف، واضح، مدلل، پر مغز اور ساتھ ہی پرجوش اور ولولہ انگیز ہوتاتھا اس لیے ان کے افتتا حیے بڑے شوق وذوق سے پڑھے جاتے اورعوام وخواص سے خراجِ تحسین وصول کرتے تھے۔لیکن انگریزوں کے زمانہ کی بات دوسری تھی۔ ایک غیر ملکی حکومت سے واسطہ تھا اور ہندوستان اُس سے جنگِ آزادی لڑرہاتھا ۔قلم نے تلوار کی جگہ لے لی تھی، اس لیے جتنا سخت لکھتے کارِ ثواب تھا اوراُس کی پاداش میں جیل جانایا اخبار کی ضمانت کا ضبط ہوجانا استخلاص ِ وطن کی شریعت کاحجِ آزادی جواپنے جلومیں تقسیم اوراُس کی تباہ کاریاں لے کرآئی، اُس کے بعدصورتِ حال بالکل مختلف ہوگئی،اب مولانا محمد عثمان فارقلیط کے خامۂ شعلہ بار و آتش فگن کواس دوگونہ رنج...
Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian religion founded by an Iranian Prophet and scholar Zoroaster. It is claimed by some foremost scholars that this is the most ancient religion of the world which influenced the other major religions of the world like, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The main source to know the Zoroastrianism is Avesta, Denkart and Bundahishn (sacred books) from which we know the terminologies and traditions of this religion. Main two spirits are Ahura mazda (god of pleasure and goodness) and Ahriman (god of evil) and seven more main spirits which are called as angels are Amesha spentas which show the actual spirit and direction of this ancient religion. Some of the concepts and traditions are same which exists in Islam but with different names and features, like prayers and matters after death, heaven and hell. In this article, main focus is on tradition and terminologies of this ancient religion to know its actual spirit to get the basic information and main themes for initial reader of this religion from Islamic theological pers-pective. No doubt, Zoroastrianism is one the amended religions exist on earth yet because of the similarity of various rituals with Islam. However, Zoroastrianism is being considered reve-aled religion and Zoroaster as true prophet of Allah.
The study was conducted to find out the impact of teachers’ associations on quality of education, at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The main objectives of the study were to find the current nature and status of teachers association, to investigate the flaws and drawbacks of current teachers’ associations, to formulate a strategy for keeping away teachers from practical politics and to create a true trade union spirit. The population of the study consisted of all the principal, teachers, association members and students at secondary level in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Targeted population was taken from five districts namely Abbotabad, Kohat, Mardan, Peshawar and Swat. The sample of the study consisted of 100 principals, 500 teachers, 100 association members and 500 students at secondary level. The primary Data was collected with the help of Questionnaires while the secondary Data was based on the study of relevant documents, books, thesis, journals, articles and review of related literature. The findings based on the statistical evidences indicated that Teachers’ Associations work for the rights of teachers, solve many problems of teachers, work for increase in salary and struggle for educational reforms. However most of them are supported by political parties for their own interest. This research proved that these Teachers’ Associations can successfully influence educational policies, educational budget, educational facilities and educational curriculum. They should solve the problems of teachers equally for the betterment of education system and for the development of society.