دشتِ افسوس میں اک پھول کھلا ہو جیسے
تو خزاں زاد شجر سے ہی ملا ہو جیسے
ایک مدت سے بیابانی تھی دل میں میرے
تو مرے غم مرے ہر دکھ کا صلہ ہو جیسے
روح مجروح تھی اور ادھڑے تھے ٹانکے دل کے
تیرے آنے سے ہر اک زخم سلا ہو جیسے
تم سے بچھڑیں تو کسی طور بھی ہم جی نہ سکیں
سانس تو سانس ہے تم دل کی جلا ہو جیسے
تم فضاؔ چھائی ہو اک ابرِ کرم کی صورت
ہم نہ مل پائے یہی خود سے گلہ ہو جیسے
The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
Phytase is an industrial important enzyme which has the ability to breakdown the phytic acid into
myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate. In this regard, present research was designed to produce
phytase enzyme from cost effective and abundant source like corn stover as a solid substrate in
the presence of fungus Schizophyllum commune. Furthermore, the phytase was produced and
optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) using different factors such as
temperature (25, 35, 45?C), pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), time of incubation (1, 3, 5, 7 days), moisture level
(10, 30, 50, 70%), nitrogen level (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.183g) and inoculum size (1, 2, 3.5, 5,
7.049ml). The maximum phytase activity (498.98U/mL) was recorded with optimized conditions
like temperature 45?C, pH 6, time of incubation 1 day, moisture level 70%, nitrogen level 1.5g
and inoculum size 5mL. In addition to that enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate
precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. For ammonium sulphate precipitation salt range
was kept from 20% to 90%. Maximum precipitation of phytase was observed at 50%. Dialysis of
protein was done in buffer of pH 6 for 6 hours altering buffer after time interval of two hours. For
further purification, column chromatography with Sephadex G-100 was used and out of 32
elutions, no.17 elution showed maximum absorbance on spectrophotometer at 820nm. Besides
that, characterization of crude enzyme for optimum temperature and pH was done. Range of pH
for characterization was 4-8 and temperature range was 25-50?C. Vmax and Km values were
determined by reciprocal graphs. To get the Vmax and Km values, substrate concentration range
was kept 0.25-1.25mL. As a result of characterization the phytase was observed with more
activity at pH 5 and temperature 45?C. The Km and Vmax values for phytase were recorded
0.25U/mL and 250 U/mL respectively. Finally, the phytase was used to check its effect on
fluffing of bread. The bread was fluffed upto3cm against control 2.5cm and increase in length
was observed upto15cm against the control 12.3cm.