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Home > Uav-Aided Link-Novel Enhancement and its Physical Analysis for Ieee 802. 11P in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Uav-Aided Link-Novel Enhancement and its Physical Analysis for Ieee 802. 11P in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Shafiq, Zeeshan

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Electrical Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11795/1/Zeeshan%20Shafiq_EE_2018_UET%20Psw_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727852580

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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has aided in many communication networks such as cellular and device to device network. Use of UAV in the area of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an area which has substantial potential. We present such a framework in which UAV provides assistance to the road side unit (RSU) for serving the vehicles. The framework uses carrier sense multiple access scheme (CSMA) with capture effect. This access mechanism is well famous for performance degradation due to its contention-based random nature. We model the behavior of the vehicle by using two dimensional Markov chain; evaluating the state as well as transition probabilities. Parameters such as signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) threshold and the access probability are optimized. Access probability is the probability of a vehicle using certain number out of total number of available channels. We present the RSUUAV framework to enhance the overall throughput and number of successful packets when compared with conventional vehicle-to-infrastructure system. We study the effect of different path loss component of ground-to-air link and ground-to-ground link of UAV and RSU servers respectively on the overall throughput. The transmission power variation is carried out with a combination of relative distance criteria and its scaling factor. Scaling factor is used for compensating the additional height of the UAV when compared with height of the RSU. We numerically find the best possible combination and scaling factor parameter. The proposed framework offers throughput improvement of 37.5%, 24.4% and 8.97% for vehicular density of 60, 120 and 180 respectively when compared with the RSU-only framework. Whereas, the proposed power scheme offers a throughput of upto 20.49% when compared with the constant power case.
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تعداد ازواج

تعدد ازواج
وَلَقَد اَرسَلناَ رَسُلاََ مِنّ قَبلِکَ وَ جَعَلناَ لَھُم اَزوَاجاََ وَّ ذُرِّ یَّۃََ ( رعد۔ع۶)
ََ ڈاکٹر محمد حمید اللہ ( پیغمبر اسلام ۲۲۸۔۲۲۷) لکھتے ہیں تاریخی طور پر کسی مذہب کے قوانین میں بیویوں کی تعداد پر کہیں پابندی نہیں لگائی گئی۔ بائبل میں مذکور تمام پیغمبروں کی ایک سے زیادہ بیویاں تھیں حتیٰ کہ عیسائیت میں بھی جو’’ ایک وقت میں ایک بیوی‘‘ کے قانون کی علامت بن گئی ہے‘ عیسیٰ ؑ نے خود بھی کبھی تعداد ازواج کے خلاف ایک لفظ نہیں کہا جب کہ مذہبی علوم کے ممتاز مسیحی ماہرین مثلاََ لوتھر میلنتھون اور بوسر وغیرہ نے تو میتھو کی انجیل (۲۵۔۱۔۱۲) میں دس کنواریوں کی تمثیل سے تعداد ازواج کا جو از حاصل کرنے میں کسی ہچکچاہٹ کا مظاہرہ نہیں کیا کہ عیسیٰ ؑ بیک وقت ایک مرد کی دس لڑکیوں سے شادی کے امکان کو پیشِ نظر رکھ رہے تھے۔اگر مسیحی اس اجازت سے فائدہ اٹھانا نہیں چاہتے( جو ان کے مذہب کے بانی نے دی) تو قانون بہ ہر حال تبدیل نہیں ہوا۔ (حاشیہ پر رقم طراز ہیں )یک زوجگی ( ایک وقت میں ایک بیوی) کا اس طرح تصور کہ دوسری شادی( بہ یک وقت دو بیویاں) کو سنگین جرم ، گناہ اور لعنت قرار دیا جائے بہت کم یاب ہے اور شادی کے ایسے منفرد ، مثالی اور کڑے پن پر مبنی نظریہ کی مثال آج کے جدید دور سے پہلے شاید ہی ملتی ہو اور یہ صورت حال بھی مغربی تہذیب کی دورِ حاضر کی جدیدیت کا ثمر ہے۔ یہ مسیحی دینی نظریہ سے اخذ کردہ قانون نہیں۔( انسائکلو پیڈیا۔ باب شادی)
یہ نہیں کہا جا سکتا کہ یک زوجگی ، مسیحیت نے مغربی دنیا میں متعارف کروائی۔ مسیحیت بشپ اور پادری کے سوا باقی لوگوں کے لیے تعداد ازواج یعنی ایک سے زیادہ شادی...

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِ نبویﷺ و خلفائے راشدین کی روشنی میں

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِنبویﷺو خلفائےراشدین کی روشنی میں Islam guarantees the protection of life, property, honour, and dignity of all the members of society, regardless of their religion, colour, race or ethnicity. Sanctity of human life is the fundamental issue and Islam emphasized on it the most. Holy Quran declared the murder of a single person as the killing of all humanity. Islam always secured the rights of non-Muslims. Protecting the lives, dignity and property of non-Muslim living in an Islamic state is a duty of a Muslims in general and the Islamic State in particular. The manner in which the rights of non-Muslims were protected in the era of the Prophet (S.A.W) and the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs is unprecedented. The Prophet (S.A.W) gave this protection constitutional and legal status through his teachings and practice. Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) declared that “The one who killed any Dhmmī would not get the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be sensed at a distance of forty years journey”. In the era of the righteous caliphs, the rights of non-Muslims were also safeguarded. This article is a description of the rights of non-Muslims with reference to the sanctity of human life in Islam. It also throws light on the unique teachings of Islam regarding the fundamental rights of minorities in the period of the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs. A descriptive and analytical research methodology will be used in this research to obtain results and recommendations. The expected results and recommendations of the study will guide the Muslims and non-Muslims to harmonize the social set up around the globe.

Monitoring and Measurement of Absorbing Aerosol and its Climatic Implications in Karachi, Pakistan

This thesis is a collection of studies focusing on absorption characteristics of aerosol particles using satellite and ground data as well as model simulations at an urban environment in Karachi. First of all, identification of absorbing aerosols through various aerosol optical properties was performed. After that, a study of temporal variation of absorbing Black Carbon (BC) aerosol and their impact on meteorological parameters and surface reflectance was carried out. Finally, the radiative effect of absorbing BC aerosols was investigated. In order to seasonally characterize the absorbing aerosols into different types, the optical properties of aerosol retrieved from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were utilized. Firstly, the OMI Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth (AODabs) was validated with AERONET AODabs and was found to have a high degree of correlation. Then, based on this validation, characterization was conducted by analyzing aerosol Fine Mode Fraction (FMF), Angstrom Exponent (AE), Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Aerosol Index (AI) and their mutual correlation, to identify the absorbing aerosol types and also to examine the variability in seasonal distribution. The absorbing aerosols were characterized into Mostly Black Carbon (BC), Mostly Dust and Mixed BC & Dust. The results revealed that Mostly BC aerosols contributed dominantly during winter and postmonsoon whereas, Mostly Dust was dominant during summer and premonsoon. These types of absorbing aerosol were also confirmed with the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) observations. Furthermore, BC mass concentration was measured continuously for every five-minute interval with ground-based Aethalometer at an urban site in Karachi. In this study, the temporal (diurnal, monthly and seasonal) variations of BC and its relationship with meteorological variables were analyzed. Monthly averaged concentrations of BC ranged from 2.2 to 12.5 μg/m3, with maximum in the month of January, 2007 and minimum in the month of June, 2006. BC showed higher concentrations during the months of January, February and November while lower during the months of May, June, July and August throughout the years. It also displayed comparatively high concentrations during winter and postmonsoon, while moderate during premonsoon and low during summer. Diurnal analysis of BC concentration showed sharp peaks between 07:00 and 09:00 LST and again around 22:00 during all the months. Moreover, the relationship between BC concentration and meteorological variables such as Temperature (Temp), Relative Humidity (RH), Wind Speed (WS), Wind Direction (WD), VISibility (VIS) and RainFall (RF) was found and it was observed that BC concentration showed an inverse relationship with all these meteorological variables. The results revealed that BC aerosol concentration showed significant inverse relationship with surface reflectance with correlation coefficient (R) of -0.77 which implies that rise in BC aerosol concentration strongly reduces the surface reflectance. In contrast, the lower the BC aerosol concentration, the higher the surface reflectance. In addition, a significant negative correlation was recorded during all seasons showing that increase in BC aerosol concentration was accompanied with reduction in surface reflectance. The opposite relation between BC aerosol concentration and surface reflectance is relatively higher during the premonsoon and winter followed by postmonsoon, while it is lower during summer. With observations of BC aerosol concentrations, optical and radiative properties were obtained over the urban city of Karachi during the period of March 2006-December 2008. BC concentrations were continuously measured using an Aethalometer, whereas optical and radiative properties were estimated through the Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) and Santa Barbra DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) models, respectively. The measured BC concentrations were higher during January, February and November, while these were found to be lower during May, June, July and August throughout the duration of the study. A maximum peak value was observed during January 2007 while the minimum value was observed during June 2006. The Short Wave (SW) BC Aerosol Radiative Forcing (ARF) at Top of the Atmosphere (ToA) and within the ATMOSphere (ATMOS) were positive during all the months, whereas negative BC ARF values were found at the SurFaCe (SFC). Overall, all three RF components at SW indicated that the heating by absorption of BC aerosols is higher during January, February and November mostly due to their enhanced presence, higher BC Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in combination with low SSA, though the surface reflectance was low. While relatively lower values of ARF were found during May, June, July and August, these were attributed to lower BC concentrations and BC AOD coupled with higher SSA even though surface reflectance was much higher in these months as compared to other months. Conversely, the Long Wave (LW) BC ARF at ToA remained positive, and BC ARF at SFC was positive whereas, BC ARF in ATMOS shifted towards positive values (heating effect) during June-August when an increase in water vapor content was found. Finally, the net (SW + LW) BC ARF at ToA and in ATMOS were found to be positive while BC ARF at SFC were found to be negative. It should be noted that a systematic increase in Atmospheric Heating Rate (AHR) was found during October to January underlining the significant effect of absorbing BC aerosols. Moreover, we found the highest correlation between AODabs and BC ARF in ATMOS followed by correlation with SFC and then with ToA. Similar to BC ARF, the values of all the three BC Absorption Forcing Efficiency (AFE) were found to be at a minimum during June 2006 while these were maximum during January 2007. On an average, the contribution of BC to the total ARF was found to greater than 80% for the whole observational period and contribute up to 99 % during January 2007.