Since the deployment of 1G cellular networks, cellular operators are constantly striving towards achieving higher data rates. Next generation networks are expected to meet the demands of subscribers for high data rates. To meet these challenging requests of higher data rates, the telecom research community is focusing its attention towards hexa dimensional resource management techniques in next generation cellular networks. These techniques include use of heterogeneous networks (hetnets), power allocation, channel allocation, broad band and efficient spectrum utilization, noise control methods and interference management. In next generation networks, a major portion of system throughput enhancements is expected to come from device to device (D2D) communication which is viewed as part of hetnets. In this thesis, D2D communication is considered the main enabling feature of hetnets to enhance throughput and its intelligent resource management is imperative. The scope of this work is further broadened by integration of cognitive radio network (CRN) concepts into the D2D resource management. To further boost data rates, D2D concept is extended by incorporation of communication among devices to devices (Ds2Ds) and their intelligent resource management. Resource management is a domain wherein resources are intelligently allocated to various users. Resource management aspects considered in this thesis include admission control, mode selection and power allocation. This work considers D2D joint resource allocation to maximize the overall throughput of cellular networks having D2D capabilities while observing the sanctity of constraints of power, quality of service (QoS) and interference. This problem is NP-complete and is classified as mixed integer non-linear optimization problem. Computational complexity of the exhaustive search algorithm (ESA) increases exponentially with the number of users. This makes it very difficult to find optimal solution for such kind of problems. In this work, convergent solutions for solving the joint resource allocation problem in D2D communication has been presented. By exploiting the special structure of the problem, outer approximation algorithm (OAA) and mesh adaptive direct search (MADS) algorithms have been used to obtain epsilon-optimal solution. Using joint utility function, different scenarios of simulation results confirm effectiveness of MADS viz-a-viz OAA. Performance of MADS was found to be equal to that of ESA. Cognitive assisted D2D network is an emerging domain which utilizes television (TV) white space spectrum. Joint resource allocation of CRN assisted D2D networks along with constraints of transmit power, QoS and interference (related to TV users) is considered in this thesis. The problem is mathematically modelled with a utility function having two terms related to maximization of admitted users and maximization of overall system throughput. MADS algorithm is adopted for solution of NP-complete problems. Simulation results compare different scenarios using ESA and MADS algorithm. Results of simulation testify to the fact that MADS provides solution close to optimal with reasonable complexity. In Ds2Ds resource management problem, the objective is to maximize energy efficiency of Ds2Ds communication, subject to compliance of constraints related to radio resources, quality of service (QoS) and interference. Performance of Ds2Ds is bench marked with multi-homing technique and devices to device (Ds2D) communication. The objective of maximization of energy efficiency reinforces the much sought-after green communication.
سندھ کی سرزمین دنیا کی واحد دھرتی ہے جہاں پہلے انسان حضرت آدم علیہ السلام کے قدم پڑے اور ان کی اولاد کا جنم و دفن ہوا ، ھابیل بن آدم دادو ضلع کے کا چھو کے علائقے کا سبوجبل ( پہاڑ) میں مدفون ہے حضرت محمد ﷺ کو بھی سندھ کی سر زمین سے بیحد پیار و محبت تھی جن کے حوالہ جات آگے آئیں گے۔قرآن پاک میں سندھی قوم کا ذکر ہوا ہے ،کتنے ہی سائنس اور تاریخی حوالہ جات ذاتی تجربات و مشاہدات کی بنیاد پر ثابت کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے کہ سندھ ہی انسانی و حیوانی ارتقا کا جنم بھومی ہے ۔جب تمام دنیا کی دھرتی برف کے تہوں سے برف پوش تھی تب سندھ کی دھرتی ہی وہ واحد خطہ ارض تھا جہاں برف نہیں ہوتی تھی اور گرم رہنے والا خطہ تھا ،جہاں انسان اور حیوان موجود تھے ،شونکہ سردی میں انسان اور جاندار کا زندہ رہنا ممکن ہی نہیں ہوتا اور گرم علاقہ صرف سندھ کی سرزمین ہے سائنس بھی اس بات کی تصدیق کرتی ہے ۔سندھ کی تاریخ عربوں کھربوں برس پرانی ہے ، سندھ کا خطہ تاریخ کے ان خطوں میں شمار کیا جاتا ہے جہاں مسلسل آبادی و خوشخالی رہی ہے ۔سندھ کی سرزمین پرموہن جو دڑو ، ہٹرپہ کی عظیم تہذیبوں نے جنم لیا جن کا مرکز موہن دڑو رہا ہے ،موہن جودڑو کی نسبت سے علما سے ملاقاتوں میں یہ بات سامنے آئی ہے کہ عاد قبیلے کا جد امجد موھن نامی ایک شخص تھا ،جنہوں نے رنی کوٹ کا قلعہ تعمیر کروایا ۔سر زمین سندھ کو اپنے مورث اعلیٰ حضرت سندھ سے منسوب سات دریاؤں سے بھی منسوب کیا جاتا ہے ۔یہ سات...
Media in its various forms has become a significant part of everyday social life. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world around us to some extent. At different screens of media, images of men and women are presented in different ways and with different characteristics. Studies have been conducted at large regarding representation of gender in movies and television drama serials. This paper was meant to be an addition to this vast canvas of research through analysis of gender representation in the comedy dramas of Pakistan. According to West and Zimmerman’s theory of ‘doing gender’, gender is performed by the people in their everyday actions and interactions. Keeping in view the concept of doing gender this study analyzed roles of males and females and tried to find out how different characters maintain their gender identities in comedy dramas. Results suggested that the characters were, at many places, observed to be acting contrary to the roles associated to their genders by the society. They did or performed gender to maintain their identities.
Antinematicidal resistance has been arising among the gastrointestinal nematodes, primarily Haemonchus (H.) contortus in small ruminants to the commercialized broad- spectrum synthetic chemotherapeutics in Pakistan and other countries of the world. Therefore, the current study, which was carried out on the Karakul breed of sheep in Angora Goat Farm - Rakh Khairewala, Layyah District (Pakistan) , began with the intention of finding out the rampancy of resistance among H. contortus populations in addition to assessing some native medicinal plant extracts for their potency to control the resistant parasite. The experimental animals were allocated to 16 groups (n=15) followed by the demonstration of haemonchosis percentage (˃90%) among other nematodiasis. Three groups were allotted for detection of resistance towards oxfendazole (OXF), levamisole (LEV) HCL and ivermectin (IVM) plus one group for control. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) revealed prevalence of resistance to the above drugs with varying levels. Pursuant to the RESO Computer Programme, the calculated FECR% was -56, 75 and78, whilst the lower confidence interval was -311, 38 and 42 for OXF, LEV and IVM, respectively. The LC50 value for oxfendazole, estimated via probit analysis, was 1.86 μg ml 1 ־after performing egg hatch assay (EHA). For studies on phytotherapeutics, 12 groups (n=15) were allotted. However, the same control group was used because, statistically, all the groups are located within the same population. The calculated FECR% for effective crude aqueous-methanol extracts of the tested plants was 94.59, 88.6, 87.5, 85.81 and 85.14 for combined Nicotiana (N.) tabacum leaves and Azadirachta (A.) indica seed kernels, high dose of N. tabacum, low dose of N. tabacum, high dose of combined N. tabacum and Vernonia (V.) anthelmintica seeds, and A. indica, respectively. LC50 values, determined through probit analysis after conducting EHA, were 0.523, 0.566, 1.169, 1.217, 3.138, and 5.95 μg ml 1 ־for combined N. tabacum and A. indica, N. tabacum, A. indica, combined N. tabacum and V. anthelmintica, combined V. anthelmintica and A. indica, and V. anthelmintica respectively. The adult motility test revealed high adulticidal potency of solitary N. tabacum and combined N. tabacum and A. indica which killed 100% of worms after six hours of exposure at the concentration of 25 mg ml ,1 ־whilst the others were less effective. No synergy, additive effect and antagonism were observed.