Since the deployment of 1G cellular networks, cellular operators are constantly striving towards achieving higher data rates. Next generation networks are expected to meet the demands of subscribers for high data rates. To meet these challenging requests of higher data rates, the telecom research community is focusing its attention towards hexa dimensional resource management techniques in next generation cellular networks. These techniques include use of heterogeneous networks (hetnets), power allocation, channel allocation, broad band and efficient spectrum utilization, noise control methods and interference management. In next generation networks, a major portion of system throughput enhancements is expected to come from device to device (D2D) communication which is viewed as part of hetnets. In this thesis, D2D communication is considered the main enabling feature of hetnets to enhance throughput and its intelligent resource management is imperative. The scope of this work is further broadened by integration of cognitive radio network (CRN) concepts into the D2D resource management. To further boost data rates, D2D concept is extended by incorporation of communication among devices to devices (Ds2Ds) and their intelligent resource management. Resource management is a domain wherein resources are intelligently allocated to various users. Resource management aspects considered in this thesis include admission control, mode selection and power allocation. This work considers D2D joint resource allocation to maximize the overall throughput of cellular networks having D2D capabilities while observing the sanctity of constraints of power, quality of service (QoS) and interference. This problem is NP-complete and is classified as mixed integer non-linear optimization problem. Computational complexity of the exhaustive search algorithm (ESA) increases exponentially with the number of users. This makes it very difficult to find optimal solution for such kind of problems. In this work, convergent solutions for solving the joint resource allocation problem in D2D communication has been presented. By exploiting the special structure of the problem, outer approximation algorithm (OAA) and mesh adaptive direct search (MADS) algorithms have been used to obtain epsilon-optimal solution. Using joint utility function, different scenarios of simulation results confirm effectiveness of MADS viz-a-viz OAA. Performance of MADS was found to be equal to that of ESA. Cognitive assisted D2D network is an emerging domain which utilizes television (TV) white space spectrum. Joint resource allocation of CRN assisted D2D networks along with constraints of transmit power, QoS and interference (related to TV users) is considered in this thesis. The problem is mathematically modelled with a utility function having two terms related to maximization of admitted users and maximization of overall system throughput. MADS algorithm is adopted for solution of NP-complete problems. Simulation results compare different scenarios using ESA and MADS algorithm. Results of simulation testify to the fact that MADS provides solution close to optimal with reasonable complexity. In Ds2Ds resource management problem, the objective is to maximize energy efficiency of Ds2Ds communication, subject to compliance of constraints related to radio resources, quality of service (QoS) and interference. Performance of Ds2Ds is bench marked with multi-homing technique and devices to device (Ds2D) communication. The objective of maximization of energy efficiency reinforces the much sought-after green communication.
مسٹر چرچل بالآخر مسٹر چرچل کو بھی پیام اجل آگیا، وہ ا س صدی کی عظیم ترین شخصیتوں میں تھے، ان میں اتنے کمالات جمع تھے کہ مشکل ہی سے ایک انسان میں جمع ہوتے ہیں، وہ صحیح معنوں میں صاحب السیف و القلم بلکہ کچھ اس سے بھی زیادہ تھے، ایوان سیاست میں بے نظیر و مدبر، عرصۂ رزم میں جنگ آزما سپہ سالار میدان علم و ادب میں سحر طراز ادیب و خطیب، وہ اپنی قوم کے بہت بڑے محسن تھے، انھوں نے جتنی طویل مدت تک اپنے ملک و قوم کی خدمت کی اس کا موقع کم لیڈروں کو ملتا ہے، انھوں نے نوے سال کی عمر پائی اور ستر سال تک مسلسل کسی نہ کسی حیثیت سے خدمت کرتے رہے، وہ برطانوی قوم کے ناخدا تھے، انھوں نے ایسے نازک موقعوں پر اس کو ڈوبنے سے بچایا جب اس کی امید بہت کم رہ گئی تھی، گو وہ قدامت پرست طبقہ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جس کا نقطہ نظر برطانوی شہنشاہیت کی توسیع و استحکام اور دنیا میں اس کی بالادستی تھا لیکن وہ اتنے بڑے آدمی تھے اور انھوں نے اپنی قوم کی اتنی گوناگوں خدمات انجام دیں کہ ان کی ذات دنیا کے لیڈروں کے لئے نمونہ ہے جس سے ان کو سبق حاصل کرنا چاہیے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،فروری ۱۹۶۵ء)
Sufism is an important branch of Islam. Sufism is nothing other than Islamic teachings. Because of Sufism, human beings can correct their outward actions as well as inward actions. This requires a spiritual guide to achieve this goal. Without a spiritual guide, common man cannot reach this point. Therefore, the common man should have allegiance to a spiritual guide. Pledge is a Sunnah process. Some psychic and greedy people have joined the ranks of Sufism and have dropped the value of Sufism and Taṣawwuf in the eyes of the people and have incorporated innovations within Sufism. The public became abhorrent from Sufism. That is why, Sufism itself was declared wrong. The fact is that there are some bad people in the Sufism. Those people are wrong but Sufism cannot be blamed for this. Sufism is present in other religions besides Islam. In order to understand Sufism, it is necessary to read the terms and conditions of this knowledge so that the reality of Sufism is revealed.
Cosmeceuticals are rapidly growing domain of natural skin care industry. They have natural constituents possessing medicinal properties when applied topically, intended to provide beneficial protective effects to the degenerative skin. The current study was aimed to develop a stabilized carrier system in the form of topical emulgel loaded with Mimosa pudica and Psoralea corylifolia extracts. Their possible skin effects were quantified using non-invasive biophysical techniques after ensuring their cytocompatibility and hypo-allergenicity. After extraction and fractionation with suitable solvents, the plant extract was evaluated for their polyphenolic content using chemical and HPLC assays. Afterward, the most suitable fraction was employed to develop a stable emulgel system after checking its cellular compatibility by MTT assay using normal human keratinocytes (HaCat). Then developed emulgels were characterized by various in-vitro parameters i.e. pH change, electrical conductivity, centrifugation, microscopic and rheological investigation at different storage conditions of temperature and humidity, and sensory evaluation. Depending upon results of these in-vitro characters, the optimized formulation for each plant was subjected to non-invasive in-vivo investigations to assess various skin parameters like erythema, melanin, hydration, elasticity and sebum level employing human volunteers. Moreover, surface evaluation for living skin (SELS) parameters such as skin smoothness, skin roughness, skin scaliness, and skin wrinkles were also evaluated. The results were analyzed using various statistical techniques like ANOVA and pair sample t-test. Results showed that a stable emulgel system loaded with Mimosa pudica and Psoralea corylifolia extracts had significant beneficial effects on skin when compared with placebo. Furthermore, it increased skin smoothness while decreasing its roughness, scaliness, and wrinkles. From the present study, it is concluded that Mimosa pudica and Psoralea corylifolia extract loaded stable emulgel is possible to develop that could be a great strategy to deal with various degenerative skin conditions and improve its integrity.