Home > Zinc Nutrition and Microbial Allelopathy for Improving the Productivity, Grain Biofortification and Tolerance Against Abiotic Stresses in Chickpea
Zinc Nutrition and Microbial Allelopathy for Improving the Productivity, Grain Biofortification and Tolerance Against Abiotic Stresses in Chickpea
Zinc (Zn) deficiency in sandy soils is one of the major reasons of low chickpea yield in Pakistan. Soil Zn deficiency is often associated with human Zn deficiency due to low Zn concentration in the edible plant parts. For this, a series of experiments were conducted to: (i) optimize the Zn application through seed treatment in desi and kabuli chickpea, (ii) charectrize desi and kabuli chickpea genotypes for genetic diversity and grain Zn bioavailability, (iii) evluate the role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB, Enterobacter sp. MN17) in combination with Zn application in improving the productivity and grain biofortification of desi and kabuli chickpea, (iv) study the mechansim of Zn induced tolerance against heat and drought stresses in desi and kabuli chickpea. For optimization, Zn was applied through seed priming and seed coating. Among seed treatments, seed priming with 0.001 M Zn and seed coating with 5 mg Zn kg-1 seed significantly improved stand establishment and early seedling growth of both chickpea types. Zinc application, through either method, improved the stand establishment, grain yield, and grain biofortification. The use of PGPB together with Zn application was more effective in improving the stand establishment, grain yield and grain Zn biofortification. The response of chickpea types differed in Zn and Zn+ PGPB application. In kabuli chickpea, Zn application is more effective through seed coating + Enterobacter sp. MN17, while in desi, Zn application through soil application + Enterobacter sp. MN17 was the best in improving the productivity, profitability, bioavailable Zn and grain quality. The results of genetic diversity revealed low to moderate genetic diversity (0.1488 for desi and 0.1041 for kabuli) among the tested chickpea genotypes (n = 16) of Pakistani origin. However, there was significant variation for yield and grain quality. The highest grain yield, grain Zn concentration and bioavailable Zn was recorded in desi genotype NIAB-CH-2016 and in kabuli genotype Noor-2013. Abiotic stresses suppressed the growth of chickpea, and under Zn deficiency the suppressive impacts were more severe. However, adequate supply of Zn (1 µM) improved the tolerance against the drought stress (35% water holding capacity) and heat (35/30°Cday/night) stresses in chickpea owing to the improvement in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants, photosynthesis, and accumulation of free leaf proline. In conclusion, Zn fertilization and Zn + PGPB improved the stand establishment, productivity and grain biofortification of chickpea. The chickpea genotypes of Pakistani origin had low to moderate genetic diversity for grain yield and bioavailable Zn. Adequate supply of Zn improves the chickpea growth and performance under abiotic stresses.
انسان کو شروع سے ہی کہانی سے دلچسپی رہی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ بھی اتنی ہی قدیم ہوگی جتنی انسان کی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ انسانی زندگی اور اس کی بڑھتی ہوئی پیچیدگیوں کی تاریخ ہوتی ہے جس میں انسان کے کارناموں کی روداد ہوتی ہے جس میں اس نے اپنے ماحول معاشرے کی کسی قوت سے مقابل اگر کامیابی حاصل کی ہو ۔یہی کہانی انسان کے احساس برتری کی تسکین کا ذریعہ بنتی ہے اور اس طرح کہانی کا تعلق ہماری فطرت سے بھی ہے۔
کہانی دنیا کا قدیم ترین فن ہے انسانی قوت تخلیق نے سب سے پہلے قصہ کی تخلیق کی اور داستان قصہ گوئی کی شکل میں موجود تھی پھر قصے کہانیوں نے جدید عہد کے علائق تک انسان کے ساتھ ہی کہانی نے بھی بہت سے مراحل طے کیے داستان گوئی سے ناول ،ناولٹ اور افسانے سے مختصر کہانیوں (مائیکرو فکشن ،افسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن) کی طرف اردو فکشن کا یہ ارتقائی سفر جارہی ہے کیونکہ فکشن میں یہ تغیر تبدل ادب کے ارتقاء کیلئے ناگزیر ہے ارتقاء کا یہی سفر سماج میں بھی جاری رہتا ہےپہلے کی نسبت لوگوں کے پاس فرصت کے لمحات کم ہیں مشینی، صنعتی اور ٹیکنالوجی کی ترقی نے لوگوں کو مصروف کردیا ہےاسی مصروفیت کی حالت میں لوگ ادب سے بھی لطف اندوز ہونا چاہتے ہیں اسی لیے عام قارئین داستان ناول وغیرہ کی ضخیم کتب کی بجائے کم وقت میں کہانیوں سے وہی لذت کشید کرنے کیلئے مختصر کہانیوں( مائیکرو فکشن ،ا فسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن وغیرہ) کی طرف راغب ہو رہے ہیں آج کے ٹیکنالوجی ،مشینی اور گلوبلا ئزیشن کے دور میں معمولیات زندگی میں...
Artikel ini membahas tentang sistem pendidikan Islam terpadu yang merupakan suatu sistem pendidikan yang memadukan antara sistem pendidikan pesantren yang berorientasi pada pembinaan imtak, dengan sistem pendidikan sekolah umum yang berorientasi pada pembinaan iptek dan keterampilan fungsional yang berorientasi pada siap pakai untuk kerja dan berwira usaha. Lahirnya Sistem Pendidikan Islam Terpadu dilatarbelakangi oleh: (1) Adanya dikotomi antara ilmu umum dengan ilmu agama yang berimplikasi pada pesatnya kemajuan di bidang pengetahuan dan teknologi sementara pengetahuan agama diabaikan, atau sebaliknya pengetahuan keagamaan maju tetapi wawasan ilmu dan teknologi yang dimiliki anak didik rendah. (2) Adanya dikotomi jalur pendidikan sekolah dan luar sekolah yang berimplikasi tidak sinerginya antara kegiatan belajar, beribadah dan berkarya dengan keterampilan fungsional.
This research study was conducted in order to explore the perceptions and practices of principals in managing government degree colleges in the context of Sindh, Pakistan. This study focused on exploring the perceptions and practices of the college principals and investigated the challenges they faced in managing their institutions as educational leaders. In their study, Spillane, Halverson, and Diamond (2001) state that "knowing what leaders do is one thing, but without a rich understanding of how and why they do it, our understanding of leadership is incomplete" (p.32). Within the qualitative study approach, the data for this research study was gathered through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions and observations, so as to ensure the validity of the data. Furthermore, a thematic analysis approach was used to understand the data. Since this study is an effort to explore college principals' perceptions and practices in their settings; therefore, it is of inherent importance. This research endevours a status of uniqueness in its respective field because this subject has not been explored before in the context of college principal ship. The findings of the study has revealed that appointment and posting of principals play an important role in managing institutions. However, this feat is always a great challenge for them because of lack of professional development and unawareness about their leadership role. Most of them have a rich teaching background but minimum management and leadership exposure. The study identified that the principals perceived their leadership role as that of a care giver. They have the instinct to execute their role with responsibility; nevertheless, there are some challenges that act as hurdles in their way. Political influences seem to play an important role in managing these institutions. The study invites researchers to explore more about the different aspects of governance of degree colleges, as this dimension has been under researched so far.