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Home > Outcomes of Caudal Block in Children Undergone Lower Umbilical Surgeries at French Medical Institute for Mother and Child Health, Kabul, Afghanistan

Outcomes of Caudal Block in Children Undergone Lower Umbilical Surgeries at French Medical Institute for Mother and Child Health, Kabul, Afghanistan

Thesis Info

Author

Ahmad Rashad Akbari

Department

French Medical Institute for Children

Program

Diploma

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Anaesthesiology

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727857785

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Background: Pain management is one of the important components of balanced anaesthesia. It can be provided by different methods such as intravenous, intramuscular, orally, topical or regional. Caudal block has grown to become the most popular, safe and easy regional anaesthetic technique to be performed in children undergoing lower umbilical surgeries. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the analgesic effect that is the duration and quality of analgesia provided by a single shot caudal epidural block using bupivacaine 0.25% for intraoperative and postoperative pain relief in children undergoing lower umbilical surgeries in FMIC Hospital, Afghanistan. The objective was to determine the success rate of Caudal Block among children undergone lower umbilical surgeries and received Caudal Block at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan.Methodology: A Retrospective Case Series study was done to achieve the study objectives. The study population was comprised of all the children undergone lower umbilical surgeries and received Caudal Block at French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan. Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit study subjects. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used to run descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square test of independence was run to explore the association between independent and dependent variables. Results: The present study revealed that the success rate of caudal block was 94.3%. All successful cases of caudal blocks were regarded as clinically effective. None of the patient had an increase in hemodynamic or respiratory parameters during surgery. Nearly all, 197 (99.5%) had successful caudal block. The participants had normal heart rate or slightly low HR (not more than 5 to 10 % from baseline HR) during anaesthesia and only 1 (0.5%) participant was bradycardia. Our results showed caudal block with single shot injection of 0.25% bupivacaine provided a long lasting analgesia. Caudal bupivacaine provided analgesia had a duration of equal or more than four hours. Majority of patient received pain killer (Nalbluphine) after four hour of caudal block. In our study, most of the patients, 194 (98%) patients had not experienced post anaesthesia side effects, whereas only 4 (2%) patients had post anaesthesia side effects (nausea or vomiting). None of the cases in our study required additional analgesics during operation.Conclusion: Caudal block provided adequate intraoperative and postoperative analgesia for children under going lower umbilical surgeries with a success rate of 94.3%. Duration of analgesia demonstrated was equal to or more than four
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تم بن رہ سکتا ہوں

تم بن رہ سکتا ہوں

میرا دکھ تو میرا دکھ ہے
تیرا دکھ بھی میرا دکھ ہے
دونا دکھ بھی سہہ سکتا ہوں
کب میں تم بن رہ سکتا ہوں

بات مری تم مان بھی جائو
دل کی باتیں جان بھی جائو
تم کو کب کچھ کہہ سکتا ہوں
تم بِن اَب میں رہ سکتا ہوں

M.H. Panhwar as a Historian

The scope of this article is to find out the strengths and weaknesses of M.H. Panhwar’s historical work and to compare it with other scholars of Sindh. He is the initiator of scientific history writing of Sindh and the only historian who tried to uncover the face behind the social organisation of Sindh. According to him, ‘History is the history of production, control over the means of production and production to its final distribution’. The history is more about people than that of the ruling class as people are makers of history. He had vision to analyze things in their correct historical perspective and, in this context, he took support of archeology, as it is the source of scientific truth. Writing history with data acquired through carbon testing is a new phenomenon in Sindh, which was locally introduced by M. H Panhwar.1 M. H. Panhwar, therefore, was one of the pioneers in giving a new meaning to history by including both ruling elites and the common folk, progressive science, crop technology, forest, wildlife, etc.2 He was the first to throw light on areas which were ignored by other historians. According to him, history written before him is full of the accounts of the rulers’ role in relation to their nobles and foes, battles they fought, attacks, palace plotting, mausoleums, folklore, fiction and so on. Accounts regarding contemporary climate, environments, diversion of rivers, courses and the resultant ruination of irrigation systems, migrations, shifting of people, occupations, social life of the populace etc. Found little room in written histories. For instance changes in production and its means, administration and justice, agriculture, land, animal husbandry, irrigation sources and methods of mining, metallurgy, industry and industrial goods, matrimonial institutions, family and children, houses and interiors, art, architecture, archaeology, personal appearance, dresses, ornaments, foods and drinks, taxes, coins and currency, science and technology, foreign contacts, international trades and traders, routes of trades, religious beliefs, philosophy, hygiene, medicine and doctors, superstitions, common citizens, economic conditions, historical geography of bygone ages, classes of work and their relation with one another, household life, customs, entertainments, pastimes, leisure, attitude of man to nature, languages, literature, literary contacts with outside word, learning and thoughts, status of women and children in affluence and extreme poverty.3 Hence, in real sense M.H Panhwar was scholar of Haig’s Raverty’s and Lambrick’s calibre.

Humanism in Pakistani Novel in English form 1985 to the Present

The study was designed to find out whether or not the Pakistani English novelists have incorporated: Secular, Marxist and Religious categories of Humanism in addition to Human Rights in the themes of their novels, in the context of social political, religious and economic conditions prevailing in Pakistani society. The research questions formulated to achieve these objectives of the study were: what is the extent to which Secular Humanism appears in Pakistani English Novel, have Pakistani English novelists succeeded to incorporate Marxist Humanism in their novels, does Religious Humanism figure in Pakistani English Novel, and are Pakistani English novelists successful in creating the awareness of Human Rights? Population of the study was all the novels written in English by Pakistani English novelists and first time published from 1985 to the present (2005). Sample was taken randomly for the study which comprised 11 novels. The categories of Humanism namely Secular Humanism, Marxist Humanism, Religious Humanism, and Human Rights were defined in the light of available literature about the movement of Humanism, and the operational definitions were developed for the study. The novels, randomly chosen as the sample for the study, were analyzed by using, 'Qualitative Content Analysis Technique'. The contents of each novel were analyzed paragraph wise, on the basis of the operational definitions of the categories along with their themes. The data analysis reveals that Pakistani English novelists are not only well aware of the different aspects and facets of the movement of Humanism but also incorporate these concepts in their stories. Humanism, which is 'Human-being-ism', is that wave of conscience and realization which gives birth to such arts and literature that instil courage and confidence in the human beings to face and defeat not only helplessness but also show them the path of social, political and economic liberties. Pakistani English novelists are well aware of their responsibilities and duties as citizens. They are on the way to perform their role effectively in the establishment of a better human society in Pakistan at the creative level.