Home > Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Vitamin D Deficiency Among Afghan Adolescents Diagnosed at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Kabul, Afghanistan
Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Vitamin D Deficiency Among Afghan Adolescents Diagnosed at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Kabul, Afghanistan
Background: Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, is formed in the skin from exposure to sunlight, and is absorbed from foods as well. It is important for calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin D status is linked to the pathogenesis of skeletal and non-skeletal disorders. Vitamin D deficiency is relatively prevalent all over the world. In studies conducted in other countries, adolescents are thought to have increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Still, data is lacking about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Afghan adolescents. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and to identify factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and severe vitamin D deficiency among Afghan adolescents (10-18 years of age) diagnosed at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study design was conducted from Jun to Sep 2016. Blood samples were obtained, serum 25OHD levels were measured, and the patients were divided into five diagnostic categories according to their serum 25OHD concentrations. 1) Sufficiency ≥30-100 ng/ml; 2) Insufficiency ≥20-30 ng/ml; 3) Deficiency <20 ng>/ml; 4) Severe deficiency <10 ng>/ml; 5) Intoxication >150 ng/ml. Collection of samples were made at Clinical Laboratory of FMIC and serum 25OHD analyses were carried out in the Biochemistry section. Results: A total of 308 adolescents were part of the sample for the final analysis. Of all, 202 (65.6%) were females and 106 (34.5%) were males. Out of total, 238 (77.3%) had either insufficiency, deficiency or severe deficiency of vitamin D. Among those, a large number of the participantss i.e., 107 (34.7%) had severe vitamin D deficiency, 81 (26.3%) had vitamin D deficiency, 50 (16.2%) had vitamin D insufficiency, and only 70 (22.7%) had vitamin D sufficiency. There were two cases of vitamin D intoxication, who were excluded from the study. Gender, sun-exposure, usage of sun protector, calcium+vitamin D supplement intake, Vitamin D rich foods intake, regular milk intake, the type of living in yards or apartments, skin colour of participants, and BMI were found as significant factors associated with vitamin D level Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adolescents who visited a tertiary healthcare facility in Kabul. Low serum vitamin D concentration is prevalent among general Afghan population. Screening and ongoing investigation for vitamin D deficiency should be considered for all adolescents in the country. Based on our results, the
[اہلیہ،مولانا سعیداحمد اکبرآبادی] میری اہلیہ!اختری بیگم کے انتقال پرملال پرجو دو ماہ کی شدید علالت کے بعد ۳۰ / شعبان المعظم مطابق ۱۴/جولائی کوعصر اورمغرب کے درمیان ہوا۔جن دوستوں، عزیزوں نے برصغیر ہندوپاک اوربیرونی ممالک سے تعزیت کے خطوط و ٹیلگرام بھیجے ہیں اورہندوستان وپاکستان کے جن اخبارات نے تعزیتی نوٹ کے ساتھ اس خبر کوشائع کیاہے اورجن اداروں نے اپنے یہاں اجتماعی ایصال ثواب کااہتمام کیا ہے ان سب کی محبت وہمدردی کاتہہ دل سے نہایت شکرگذار ہوں اوردعاکرتا ہوں جزاھم اﷲ عنی جزاء خیرا۔ ساتھ ہی معذرت اس کی کرنی ہے کہ اس حادثہ نے ذہن وقلم کوجیسے مفلوج کردیاہے، چنانچہ برہان کے زیرنظر شمارہ کے لیے جب نظرات بھی نہیں جاسکے تواپنے ناتمام مضامین کے فائل سے ایک مضمون نکال کر بھرت پورا کر دیا ہے ، اس لیے قارئین کلکتہ کے سفرنامہ اورتبصروں کے لیے معذور تصور فرمائیں۔ [سعید اکبر آبادی، ۷/اگست۱۹۸۰ء]
This article is an attempt to judge various dubious concepts regarding usury (Riba) in order to legalize it in one way or another using some artful arguments inculcating into the minds as lawful sketch of usury providing its justifications and legality. Different dimensions have been explained analytically in the light of Islamic view point curtailing the misfit approaches after some essential discourse concerning Islamic injunctions about Usury. Some reasons and evidences have also been discussed against each doubt and suspicion denouncing what has been claimed unlawfully due to the role and impact of interest based economy about financial contract and Riba free economy, its various conditions regarding bank, currency, quantity, expediency, mutual willingness as well as applicable framework and paradigm
We are living in an age characterized by challenges where nations must not only accept the challenges of today but also make through foundation to confront those expected to come in future. To meet these challenges and realize ideas, our education system has to work at full potential, providing services of highest quality. The utmost contribution of the system in this regard is to develop a curriculum that is comprehensive, rigorous, futuristic and consistent with the needs of the nation. However a critical analysis of the prevailing curriculum tells a sorry tale. The course designed almost two decades back had the set characteristics but much development has occurred in various domains of knowledge and needs of societies have changed during the time. The curriculum on the other hand remained unchanged and has become dysfunctional. This research is a critical study of instructional topics and their effectiveness in the subject of Education taught in colleges at graduate level vis-à-vis our current needs and the advancements in this field through research in all over the world. It also emphasized the importance of curriculum review and revision to explore the obstacle in the process of curriculum amendments. The methodology of this study is a survey based or enquiry into the need and scope of subject of Education in our society. Secondly the existing curriculum has been analyzed form data interpretation. The target population for this study is the teachers and the students of all those colleges in Karachi that offer Education as a subject at graduate level. Out of those, 24 government colleges and 7 private colleges have been selected for the survey questionnaire. The collected data will be interpreted and evaluated through various statistical tools. In the light of results researcher will present some suggestions and recommendations to update the curriculum and adjust to the changing trends of this modern and growing world.