Home > Frequency and Susceptibility of Causative Organisms in Neonatal Sepsis at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan: A Retrospective Hospital Based Study
Frequency and Susceptibility of Causative Organisms in Neonatal Sepsis at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan: A Retrospective Hospital Based Study
Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the significant causes of mortality and morbidity in neonatal age. Prompt clinical diagnosis and empirical antibiotic therapy is essential to decrease the mortality and morbidity. Because the causative organisms and their susceptibility are different, place to place and time to time, and resistant to commonly used antibiotics, it is alarming all over the world especially in developing countries Therefore, periodic causative and antimicrobial surveillance is essential all over the world. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of causative organisms and their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics in neonatal sepsis as well as to direct the empirical antibiotic therapy at French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul Afghanistan. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted. A total of 270 blood culture positive patients were included in the study from January 2013 to June 2016. Medical record files and blood culture results were reviewed. Results: A total of 1184 suspected neonatal sepsis patients were admitted. Blood culture was positive in 298 (25.1%), of which 172 (63.7%) were gram negative; while 90 (33.3%) were gram positive organisms and 8 (2.9%) were with fungal growth. Pseudomonas 42 (15.5%) and Klebsiella 41 (15.1%) were the leading causes among gram negative organisms followed by Burkholderia (10.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (7.7%), E. coli(5.5%) and other gram negative organisms. CoNS 68(25.1%) was the most common organism among gram positive following by Staphylococcus aureus 15 (5.5%) and Enterococcus 7 (2.6%). All isolated organisms were highly resistant to Ampicillin (>75%), Cefotaxime (>50%) and Gentamycin (>25%), while the most effective drug for gram negative organisms were Imipenem, Tazobactam+Piperacillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin. All gram positive organisms were highly sensitive (100%) to Vancomycin. Conclusion: Gram negative organisms were the leading cause of neonatal sepsis followed by gram positive. All isolated organism were highly resistant to commonly used empirical antibiotics for neonatal sepsis. Irrational use of antibiotics by physicians is leading to resistance, mortality and morbidity. In order to prevent all these bad outcomes, regular educational awareness programs in the hospitals and regular surveillance for detecting the common causes and their susceptibility is crucial to adapt the empirical antibiotic therapy in neonatal sepsis.
Sufism is the heart of Islam. It is attached with Islam as the human soul is woven within the body. Sufis have always been the center of Muslim society, especially; in the sub-continent, they have firmly imprinted their marks in every sphere of life. Various mystic traditions as Naqshbandi, Chishti, Qadri etc. Are commonly known in India and Pakistan. This study explores the great Sufi, Hakim Mohammad Akhtar, for his unprecedented services in the field of mystic practices, poetry and Islamic literature. In the initial part of the study, his family background and educational account have been described which show that not only he was a passionate follower of mystic legacy from an early age but a true stalwart of Islam. The historical account of Hakim Akhtar reveals that he was a staunch devotee of Molana Rome which resulted in the form of his famous book "Maarif-e-Masnawi". In the latter part of the study, his character and work are unveiled in a chronological order. As the follower of Sufi tradition, Hakim Akhtar was against personal glorification. Through this research study, some astonishing hidden aspects of his life have been discovered which will help his disciples and devotees to follow the path of their mentor perfectly.
The rapidly increasing contribution of wind energy in to electrical energy in the World has demanded the need to design more practical mythologies for estimating the actual benefits of introducing wind turbine to existing power generating system. The contribution of this thesis is to illustrate the Wind Power Impact on economy, society, environment and ecology. The research proposes a stochastic wind power model based on an autoregressive moving average ARMA process. The model takes in to account the non-stationary and physical limits of stochastic power generation model is planed based on wind speed measurement of four year of seven stations of Sindh province from Meteorological Department of Pakistan. The propose ARMA model characterizes the stochastic wind power generation by mean level temporal correlation. Thesis suggests policy recommendation for possible changes to be implemented in existing procedures for the planning and application of power systems so as to turn renewable energy generation into a reality in Pakistan.