Background: Medical imaging comprises different imaging modalities and processes to image human body for diagnostic and treatment purposes; therefore, it has an important role in the improvement of public health in all population groups. It is relatively new medical filed and there are multiple imaging modalities in the practice which having different mechanism and sources of imaging formation and different common clinical applications.Objectives: The objectives of this study are to assess the level of knowledge of physicians regarding medical imaging in Kabul, Afghanistan and to identify the factors associated with level of knowledge and practice of physicians regarding medical imaging in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methodology: In order to achieve the study objective, an analytic cross sectional study design was selected. The study was conducted at internal medicine and surgery departments of two public and one public- private hospitals with population of 130 internal medicine and surgery doctors which were equally participated from each medical fields. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Version. In order to compare the mean difference between the total scores of the doctors across disciplines and years of experience, t-test for two independent samples was used. Result: The result of this study shows that the knowledge of participants regarding indication and contraindication of MRI, ultrasound, mammography and plain radiography were appreciative, comparing to their knowledge regarding indication and contraindication of CT scan and fluoroscopic procedures. However, there was some evidence of incorrect answers regarding indications and contraindications of all imaging modalities. In this study, there was a significant relationship between their knowledge and year of experience and no relationship between the knowledge of participants and their especial fields.Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that there were positive findings related to practitioner knowledge on four modalities regarding indications and contraindications of MRI, radiography, ultrasonography and mammography. However, there was some evidence of knowledge deficit regarding indications and contraindications of fluoroscopic procedures and CT scan. As all medical fields were not included in the tool, more detailed research study for each medical field via separate study tool is recommended.