This research study aims at exploring narratives of experiences and practices of teachers of English in order to understand how these life stories shape and transform teachers’ personal and professional identities in the process of becoming teachers in the multilingual context of Karachi, Pakistan. Researching teachers’ personal and professional identity constructs is very crucial and significant in order to understand them as individuals and to see how they make sense of their experiences throughout their personal and professional lives and careers, which in turn guide their English language teaching and learning practices in their respective contexts. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of teachers’ identity construction, this study is conceptualized within a narrative framework, exploring teachers’ stories that develop over the passage of time, within their knowledge landscapes and contextual realities, shaping their storied identities of personal and professional selves. To facilitate this in-depth exploration, the study undertook narrative inquiry as its research design. It explored identity construction of two teachers of English; Faiza and Danish from private and public school systems in Karachi, with a gender balance perspective. The field data was collected in nine-month period using a variety of narrative inquiry tools (i.e. observations, storytelling, in-depth interviews, field notes and document analysis) and art-based research tools (i.e. autobiographical storylines, drawings, metaphors and pictures) in order to assist the exploration of teachers’ stories in a creative narrative form that further helped to situate the study within the ‘three dimensional inquiry space’ (Clandinin & Connelly, 2006). The research participants used autobiographical story-lines and metaphors to describe their identity construction. Faiza storied herself while running on her life’s race track and Danish un-revealed his multi-layered onion layered-self, describing his multiple roles wearing different hats. Through these storylines and metaphors, they presented their multiple identities that have developed with the passage of time, experience and situation, and shaped and evolved their personality into who they were, are and aspire to be. From the narratives of the two teachers, it was seen that the complexity of their identity construction lies in their creative portrayals of the way they perceive and represent themselves as persons and as professional teachers of English. This element of teachers’ creativity has facilitated in exploring the multifaceted phenomenon of teachers’ identities under study. Also, the metaphor of ‘creativeness’ has added value in characterizing and understanding the complexity of teachers’ identity construction in the existing literature. The study highlights
کارِ سعادت قیاس ذاتی کسی بھی اعتراض گزار کی بنیادی قوت ہوتی ہے جسے وہ شعور (خود ساختہ شعور جو آرٹ کے درجے میں ہے) کے ذریعے کسی معروضی حقیقتِ مطلق کو اپنے شعور کے مطابق قیاس کر کے مسرور ہوتا ہے تبھی کہا جاتا ہے خود سے یگانگی حقیقت سے بیگانگی کے مترادف ہوتی ہے۔ ہرہیچ مدان و ناتواں کو اپنے عقلِ کل ہونے کا زعم وقوف سے عاری کرتا ہے اس لیے مضحکہ خیز اعتراضات کو فتوحات گردانتا ہے۔ حالاں کہ راست علم ہمیشہ کسی واقعی معروض کی تمیز سے اٹھتا ہے یعنی موجود پر قوتِ امتیاز یا وجدانی ادراک کے ذریعے جوہر کے اسما و شناخت کا سفر طے کیا جاتا ہے۔ ہر چند ہر مذہب موضوعِ علم بننے کی پوری استطاعت رکھتا ہے۔ ہاں مگر ناظر کاصاحبِ وجدان ہونا ازحد ضروری ہوتا ہے۔ چوں کہ ہر قضیہ وجدانی ادراک کے متحرک ہونے سے جنم لیتا ہے۔ ہم زمان و مکان کا ادراک اسی استعداد کی تحریک سے کرتے ہیں۔ اسی لیے ایک طے شدہ امر ہے کہ شعور ِ علمی کی تشکیل میں خارجی معروض کا ہونا بنیادی حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ اگر خارجی معروض اور اس سے منسوب شعورِ انسانی میں مطابقت نہ ہو تو قضیہ کے بجائے بے بنیاد مناقشات ظہور کرتے ہیں ،جن پہ خارجی واقعیت دلالت نہیں کرتی اور نتیجہ خیز حقانیت کی راہیں بھی برابر مسدود ہوتی جاتی ہیں۔ جب معترضین اپنے خود ساختہ علم کا قابلِ قبول شعور پیدا کرنے سے قاصر ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کی غلط توجیہات پر قانع ہونے کے شعور سے بھی ہاتھ دھو بیٹھتے ہیں۔ اکثر یوں ہوتا ہے کہ نظریاتی تسکین جب بھی ضرورت سے زیادہ بڑھ جاتی ہے تو معیاری اور یقینی علم کو محال کر دیتی ہے۔ اعتراض محاذ تب بنتا ہے جب علمی کے بجائے ذاتی تسکین...
The UK is a Christian majority country with several minority religious groups like Muslims, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs who have been living there for a long time. All faith groups have their own laws. Likewise, Muslims also have their specific laws called “Sharī’ah law” or “Muslim Family Law”. This paper attempts to represent a prospect of how Islamic law deals with the issues faced by the Muslims in England and Wales. There are many “The Islamic Shari’ah Council (ISC)” and “Muslim Arbitrational Tribunal (MAT) to solve the family concerns in England and Wales, for instance, marriage, child custody, divorce and other issues related to their matrimonial life. These councils play a prime role in implementing Islamic law among Muslims in Britain. Since ISC and MAT play a crucial role in applying Islamic law, it will be the focusing component of the paper. This study examines how ISC and MAT resolve the legal problems of the Muslim families and to which extent sometimes it is allegedly not compatible with England and Wales's domestic legal settings. Moreover, the main aim and object of the paper is to find out the internal functions and the processes of the Islamic Sharī’ah Council and Muslim Arbitration Tribunal in England and Wales
Lanthanide complexes play a crucial role both stoichiometrically and clinically. The best known Gadolinium complexes are use in cancer therapy, but due to high toxicity its activity is not always satisfactory and side effects are frequently encountered. The aim of present work is to identify noval metal based complexes with reported heterocyclic ligand which are cheaper and easily available in market. If ligand is much more expensive then it not attractive for large scale of application in industry. No doubt much of the interest arises from the potential commercial importance of lanthanide complexes however most of the earlier work was concerned with the preparative aspect of organometallic chemistry. The present work focused on the development of metal based drugs that could act against large number of strains of bacteria and fungus, available from Institute of Agriculture Science University of the Punjab Lahore.New metal ion complexes of Erbium and Praseodymium with easily synthesized hetrocyclic ligands are prepared in search of interesting biological activity. Metal complexes of lanthanide as well as transition metals are synthesized and characterized by the use of spectroscopic methods, elemental analysis, high performance liquid chromatography and thermo gravimetric analysis. Most of the complexes synthesized in this work were tested for series of biological assay. In particular lanthanide complexes exhibit excellent antibacterial and anti-fungal activity as compare to transition metal complexes which show moderate activity against tested microbs. By considering the stability of Lanthanides complexes new metal chelates are synthesized. These complexes acts as effective catalyst in many reactions. My work aims at the study of thermal degradation and stability of synthetic compounds. The compounds exhibited mainly two stage degradation. The weight loss characterized by low activation energy correspond to loss of moisture. The major degradation stage represents a loss of high boiling volatile components which are observed in case of lanthanide complexes. The lanthanide complexes are more stable which is shown by TGA analysis, it means ionic breaking occurs at high temperature. Much of the interest during my research project is to determine and separate metal cations in much less time, so a rapid simple and reliable technique has been developed by HPLC. The different parameters such as PH during extraction, solvent mobile phase and type of columns used is studied. The retention time for elution is different for different complexes, still I am working on other lanthanide metals to synthesize complexes in order to bring advancement in organometallic chemistry and to enhance its applications in biomedical sciences.