This study explored the possibilities of creating a gender equitable learning environment in one of the Early Childhood Education (ECE) classrooms in Karachi, Pakistan through a Collaborative Action Research (CAR). The actions, reflections and retrospections were guided by the Feminist poststructuralist theoretical lens throughout the study. Two ECE teachers and 43 five year old (23 girls and 20 boys) children participated in this collaborative action research which was conducted in a non-for-profit private school. Various data collection strategies were used throughout the study. This included in-depth interviews, dialogues, observations, pre and post observation discussions with the teachers and reflective dialogues during and after drawings, stories, play, games with children. The participating teachers and I maintained reflective journals as part of our commitment to reflexivity during the study. An analysis of the discourses and discursive practices of participating ECE teachers and children revealed that initially both the groups positioned themselves within the essentialist discourse of gender and viewed gender as part of biological sex determinism. However, feminist poststructuralist methods such as deconstruction through reading and discussing literature, dialogues, critical actions and reflections helped the participating ECE teachers to expand their theoretical and practical repertoire regarding gender equity in early childhood. This enabled the teachers to disrupt the processes of promoting stereotypical masculine and feminine traits and oppressive gender relationships among children in the classroom. Cross case analysis of the five focused children revealed that collaborative efforts, critical actions and reflections enabled us (teachers and myself) to destabilize the hegemonic ways of being boys; deconstruct femininity and celebrate gender risk taking among both girls and boys. Hence, the study indicated possibilities for transforming the classroom learning environment in the context of ECE in Pakistan. The cyclical process of critical actions and reflections in the study revealed that a combination of child initiated and teacher/researcher led activities worked as appropriate pedagogical strategies to create a gender equitable learning environment. The strategies such as storytelling, dramatization of stories, opportunities of cross gender play, group discussions, dialogues and conversations about gender were particularly illuminating for effectively engaging young children inside and outside the classroom. The research process further revealed that teachers' and children's gender discourses were highly influenced by the complex intersection of their multiple identities. Therefore, the study emphasized the importance of closer bonds with children's families to strive for transformational changes in children's feeling, thinking and practicing of gender differently in the patriarchal
مولانا عبدالسمیع گزشتہ ماہ کاالم ناک سانحہ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے قدیم تر استاذ حضرت مولانا عبدالسمیع صاحب ؒ کی وفات ہے۔مولانا مرحوم کئی ماہ سے علالت کے امتداد واشتداد کی تکلیفیں اٹھا رہے تھے، بالآخر ۱۰/صفر المظفرکو ہمیشہ کے لیے اس جہان فانی سے رخصت ہوگئے۔ مرحوم حضرت مولانا میاں سید اصغر حسین صاحبؒ کے مخصوص ہم سبقوں میں تھے اوربزرگوں کی خوبیوں اورخصوصیتوں کے جامع، بڑے با وضع، بڑے سادہ مزاج اوردارالعلوم کے اساتذہ میں بعض اوصاف کے لحاظ سے بے عدیل و بے مثیل۔ پیرانہ سالی اورغیر معمولی نقاہت کے باوجود جب درس دیتے تھے تو معلوم ہوتا تھا کوئی تازہ دم اور بلندآواز مدرس پورے شوق و انہماک کے ساتھ طلبہ سے مصروف تخاطب ہے۔ مولانا کا طرزتعلیم عام فہم بھی تھا اوردل پذیر بھی، پڑھاتے پڑھاتے بہت سی کتابوں کے حافظ ہوگئے تھے۔اُن کے تلامذہ میں آج بڑے بڑے مدرس بھی ہیں اورباکمال مصنف اورانشاء پرداز بھی۔ ندوۃ المصنفین کے تقریباً تمام بڑے بڑے رفقاء کوآپ سے شرف تلمذ حاصل ہے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحوم کے مراتب بلند فرمائے۔ہمیں اس حادثۂ عظیم میں مولانا مرحوم کے اکلوتے صاحبزادے مولوی عبدالاحد صاحب مدرس دارالعلوم دیوبند سے دلی ہمدردری ہے اورہم اُن کے شریک غم ہیں۔ امید ہے مولوی صاحب موصوف اپنے والد کے صحیح قائم مقام ثابت ہوں گے۔ [فروری ۱۹۴۷ء]
The present study was conducted to probe the role of religion in mate selection among educated females of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data for the study was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire from 278 working women from three public sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. The University of Agriculture, University of Peshawar and Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar. Simple random method was applied to pick the samples from the study area whereas chi-square statistics was applied to get the major findings. Results reveal a contradictory type of situation as on the one hand, religion particularly the rituals were strictly followed during marriage but on the other hand, the mate selection rights of women were ignored mainly. This is practiced despite of the fact that Islam has given right/liberty in mate selection to both men and women. Female respondents attributed it to lack of Islamic knowledge on part of family members or they do it to get more say and power through following common values and culture. Religious leaders do not lay much stress on the rights given by Islam to females in mate selection in their religious sermons. The issue according to respondents was not discussed either. Females on their part, though found interested in mates from their own sect or religious groups preferred liberal males over conservative ones because believing them to be stern and inflexible. The study recommends that an awareness campaign through mass media which may include religious leaders, civil society and political parties needs to be launched in order to raise awareness among both the educated and uneducated females along with their parents regarding mate selection, the nature and impact of religious misinterpretations, and current wave of western values, materialistic outlook and idealism that affects the selected females perception about mate selection.
The intrinsic viscosity [n], Hugging constant (K11), laser light secattering, UV and IR measurement of nylon 6 are made in its solvent m-eresol and its mixture with different non-solvents like water.