This thesis set out to study the coverage of the Kenyan government’s Big Four Agenda by Kenyan newspapers between December 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018. The Big Four Agenda was introduced to Kenyans on December 12, 2017, Independence Day, by President Uhuru Kenyatta. He framed the Big Four Agenda as the most important policy of his second term and had specific objectives to be met by 2022: to construct 500,000 affordable houses, to increase the contribution of manufacturing to the Gross Domestic Product, food security for all, and Universal Health Coverage. This thesis was provoked by a study by Infotrak Research, published by The Star on December 18, 2018, which established that 53 per cent of Kenyans did not know about the Big Four Agenda. This lack of awareness was considered worthy of research considering the central role of the media in informing society about the government’s policies. The media also provides spaces for interrogating the policy, and this has been the case with the Kenyan media. Newspaper coverage was selected for research because newspapers are ubiquitous in Kenya and also play an intermedia agenda-setting role. The research set out to establish the frequency of newspaper coverage, the dominant sources, the placement of articles on the Big Four Agenda, the dominant issues as well as the factors that influenced coverage. A mixed method was used to approach the research and content analysis used as the research method. Data was generated using document review of the Daily Nation and The Standard and interviews with journalists from the two newspapers. The research established that while journalists were eager to provide coverage of the Big Four Agenda, there was inadequate comprehensive information on the policy, government officials often avoided going into details on it, and the topics were considered complicated and therefore were denied publication in the prime pages. The thesis therefore concluded that the media was enthusiastic to cover the Big Four Agenda but was frustrated by a lack of information. All these factors resulted in a majority of Kenyans lacking awareness about the government’s key objectives. The thesis recommended that media houses develop policies and templates for reporting on development policies, that the government develop communication plans for disseminating information about its development policies. This study should benefit the media in Kenya as well as the government and policymakers.
تدوین کے مباحث موضوع1:تدوین کیا ہے؟ تدوین: تدوین تحقیق کی شاخ ہے۔ جس میں مدون عہد گزشتہ اور ماضی میں دفن تحریروں کو اصل انداز میں سامنے لاتا ہے۔ تدوین متن: تدوینِ متن ایک ترکیب ہے جو اضافت کے ذریعے تدوین اور متن کوجوڑے ہوئے ہے۔ لفظ تدوین ، عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جو کہ ہیت میں مونث ہے اور ایک فن کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے جب کہ اس کا معنی تالیف کرنا، جمع کرنا یا مرتب کرناہے۔ جبکہ لغات کشوری میں تدوین کے معنی’’ جمع کرنااور تالیف کرنا‘‘کے ہیں۔تدوین متن میں محقق و مدون کا اصل مقصد و مدعا مصنف کے تصنیفی کام کی روح تک پہنچنا ہوتا ہے۔ تدوین متن کا آغاز: جب ان مخطوطات کی جانچ پرکھ کا کام شروع ہوا اور انھیں سمجھنے اور جدید عصری تقاضوں سے ہم آہنگ کرنے کا کام شروع ہوا تو تدوینِ متن کا آغاز ہوگیا۔ یو ں عرفِ عام میں کہا جا سکتا ہے : "تدوینِ متن کی اصطلاح سے مراد ہے کہ مصنف کی اصل عبارت کو احسن انداز میں جمع کرنا اور ترتیب دینا۔یہ ترتیب اس طرح کی ہو کہ اصل اورنقل عبارت میں فرق واضح کر سکے اور یہ بیان کر سکے کہ اصل عبارت میں کہاں کہاں اور کیا کیا تبدیلیاں واقع ہوئیں ہیں۔" متن: متن کے معنی کتاب کی اصل عبارت،کتاب،کپڑے یا سڑک کے بیچ کا حصہ، درمیان، وسط، درمیانی اور پشت کے ہیں۔ متن انگریزی لفظ Textکا ہم معنی ہے جو کہ عبارت یا عکس، نقشِ عبارت کے زمرے میں آتا ہے۔ اسٹینڈرڈ اردو ڈکشنری میں اس کی تعریف یوں نقل کی ہے: • مصنف کے اصل الفاظ یا کتاب کی اصل عبارت • الہامی کتب کی آیت یا آیات • خطوط،نصابی یا درسی کتب متن کی تحریر کے اوصاف: • ایسی تحریر جو کاغذ، لکڑی ،...
Islamic finance is simply a different way to structure or to create products that are consistent with the Islamic faith. Shared risk and joint profit are also important elements of Islamic finance, and various cooperative frameworks are employed in housing and other sectors. When you look at global finance, [Islamic finance] is a very, very high growth. Islamic finance is a socially responsible financial system and uses Islamic law (sharia) to regulate various sectors, including banking, investments, and insurance. Under the system, Islamic investments are often referred to as halal investments, or sharia-compliant investments. However we will discuss in this Paper the concept of mutual cooperation in Islamic finance.
Measurements of three fluidic parameters i.e. velocity / flow rate / wall shear stress, pressure and temperature are crucial in many industrial applications including aerospace, automobile, bio-medical and process control etc. The key requirement is to measure these parameters at very fine spatial resolutions, which ultimately depends upon the size of measuring device. Size minimization is possible only through Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or mirco-fabrication technology. Therefore, using a novel SOI CMOS fabrication process, this thesis develops a multi-sensing platform that measures these three fluidic parameters, simultaneously.The developed chip has dimensions of just 1.6 mm × 1.6 mm as compared with the minimum chip size of 3.8 mm × 3.8 mm reported previously, thus improving the flow spatial resolution by 82.2%. The developed multi-sensing chip includes a thermal flow sensor, a piezoresistive pressure sensor and a Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) based temperature sensor. Before integrating these sensors in a single chip, their material and design optimization have been carried out. Ashby‟s materials selection methodology has been used to select the optimum materials for these sensors. Since no MEMS compatible materials database having micro-scale material properties was readily available, therefore first a MEMS materials database has been developed and integrated with a material selection software. The developed materials database along with the derived performance indices for these sensors has then been used to select the candidate materials. Additionally, performance of these candidate materials and the variety of promising designs has also been evaluated experimentally in a two step iterative process using SOI CMOS fabrication technology. In a first iteration, eight thermal flow sensors (i.e. having square / circular membranes and four membrane to heater length ratios), six piezoresistive pressure sensors (i.e. having square membranes, three piezoresistor materials and two piezoresistor layout designs) and twelve RTDs temperature sensors(i.e. having five different materials and six layouts) have been fabricated andexperimental characterized. The best sensor of each type in the first iteration has been further improved when integrated in the final optimized multi sensing chip. The results showed that a thermal flow sensor with a silicon oxide square membrane having a membrane to heater length ratio of 3.35 has the highest sensitivity to area ratio. Similarly, a piezoresistor pressure sensor with a square membrane having p-doped silicon piezoresistors planted at the center of each membrane edges gives maximum sensitivity. The RTDs made of p-doped silicon and having higher L/W ratio exhibited the highest sensitivity and linearity. The optimized thermal, pressure and RTD sensors are much more sensitive than the previously reported such type of sensors. .It is worth highlighting that in addition to being highly sensitive, optimized sensors reported in this research are also CMOS compatible, which make them attractive considering their low cost and ease of integration with other CMOS devices, sensors and circuits.