دیہات میں قابل ڈاکٹروں کا فقدان
آج تک یہ المیہ ہی بنا ہوا ہے کہ شہروں میں زیادہ سہولتیں ہوتی ہیں اور دیہاتوں میں زندگی سہولتوںسے دور ہوتی ہے۔اسی بات کی وجہ سے لوگ شہروں کا رخ کرلیتے ہیںاور دیہاتوں میں پہلے سے بھی کم لوگ رہ جاتے ہیں۔جو افراد تعلیمی میدان کوفتح کرلیتے ہیںتو وہ دیہات میں رہنا پسند نہیںکرتے ،بوریا بستر سمیت شہروں کی طرف نکل پڑتے ہیں۔جیسے وہ پڑھائی ہی اس لیے کرتے ہیں کہ وہ شہروں کی طرف زندگی کو لے جاسکیں۔
ناطق نے بھی کہانی کے آغاز میں قاری کی توجہ اسی طرف مبذول کرائی ہے کہ دیہاتی زندگی بہت سادہ ہوتی ہے۔جہاں قابل ڈاکٹروں کا فقدان ہوتا ہے قابل ڈاکٹرز کا اس لیے کہ وہاں جو کوئی سیانا ہوتا ہے تو اسے علاج معالجے کیلئے مقرر کر لیا جاتاہے۔وہ اب چھوٹی موٹی بیماریوں بخار،زکام ،گلہ خراب جیسے امراض کا تو علاج کر سکتا ہے مگر بڑے مسائل کو حل کرنا اس کے لئے ناگزیر ہوتا ہے۔
دیہات میں خواتین اور ان کے نومولود بچوں کے حوالے سے بھی بہت سے مسائل کاسامنا رہتا ہے اور پورے علاقے میں زچگی سینٹر نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے اکثر انہیں جان سے بھی جانا پڑتا ہے۔ناول نگار نے بھی کہانی میں ایک سیانی عورت کا ذکر کیا ہے جو کہ دراصل خود کی پناہ کیلئے اس علاقے میں بسی اور پھر وہاں لوگوں کا علاج معالجہ کر کے گزارا شروع کردیااوراس علاج معالجے کا تجربہ اس عورت کو اس لیے تھا کہ اس کی ماں نرس تھی اور ماں کو دیکھ کر وہ کافی کچھ سیکھ چکی تھی۔
’’میری بیوی کا سارا علاج معالجہ اس نے کیا۔تمہیں تو ہماری مشکلوں کی خبر نہیں پر یہاں...
Islam is a complete and perfect code of life. We find guidance from Islam on any aspect of life. This study aims to explore the evaluation of existing audit system in Islamic perspective. The study indicates the gaps and challenges in audit system keeping in view Islamic laws and principles. The study is qualitative in nature. Relevant documents have been analyzed keeping in view objectives of the study. Thematic content analysis has been used for the analysis of collected data. The study is significant for the researchers, policy makers and audit experts. Recommendation of the study are beneficial particularly for the Audit Department to overcome the existing gaps and challenges.
Ornamental bulbous plants have great value in the world floriculture industry and gladiolus possesses prominent position among them. Gladiolus plant is mainly grown for its flower spike but it can be used as an bedding and potting plant. The increase in demand of its spikes needs continuous cultivation to meet the market demands throughout the year but occurrence of dormancy in corms limits its cultivation to only one growing season in a year. Various chemicals were used to break corms dormancy and their effect on corm health was also studied. The effect of important factors which affects the breaking of corm dormancy including corm source, scales and varieties was studied. Among treatments the soaking of dormant corms in different concentrations of methanol in combination with plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and indole acetic acid) was effective to break corm dormancy rather than individual application of chemicals. The descaled corms responded better to application of chemicals than the scaled ones. In another set of chemical treatments, the combined application of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine enhanced their effect to get the maximum germination percentage under controlled conditions of temperature at 26 o C in complete darkness. The combination of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine was found the best from the initial experiments and this combination was used to break corm dormancy under field conditions. The germination percentage increased as the concentration of gibberellic acid in combination with benzylaminopurine increased. The chemical analysis of treated and non treated corms revealed that there was maximum increase in total soluble sugars (6.98mg/g), gibberellic acid content (112.80ηg/g) and decrease in starch content (22.25mg/g), total phenolic content (91.57μg/g) and abscisic acid (27.32ηg/g) was recorded in treated corms. In the second part of the study, foliar application of gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid was done at three different stages of growth of gladiolus plants. The plants which received foliar application of gibberellic acid showed an improvement in their vegetative characters i.e. the maximum increase in plant height (122.14cm), spike length (58.41cm), number of florets (13.49), corm diameter (4.43 cm), corm weight (25.34g), number of cormels plant-1(75.64), cormel weight plant-1(20.45 g), and also the chemical constituents of leaves including, chlorophyll content (7.72mg/g), total carotenoids (1.61mg/g), total soluble sugars (3.68mg/g), nitrogen (1.52%), phosphorus (0.28%) and potassium (0.64%). Whereas benzylaminopurine application increased the spike diameter (7.23 mm) and salicylic acid application acted to decrease the number of days to flower (64.93) and total phenolic content (0.62mg/g) of leaf compared to control plants. The foliar application of polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and thiamine) at 0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1mM concentrations improved the morphological and physiological parameters. Putrescine application at 1mM concentration resulted in increased morphological parameters, the plant height (107.85cm), spike length (53.19cm), spike diameter (7.53 mm), florets spike-1(13.99), 1st floret diameter (9.66 cm), floret weight (4.90g), corm diameter (4.57cm) corm weight (26.16g), cormels plant-1(80.86), cormel weight (23.03g) and also improved the physiological attributes like chlorophyll content(8.06mg/g), total carotenoids (1.66mg/g), total phenolic content (0.89mg/g), total soluble sugars (4.75mg/g), nitrogen (1.42%), phosphorus (0.27%) and potassium (0.84%). Thus foliar application of gibberellic acid and putrescine is helpful to improve the economically valuable characteristics of gladiolus plant which may helpful for gladiolus growers to fetch more price in the market.