ریاست قلات میں نظام قضاء کا تحقیقی جائزہ

In Islam the system of Judiciary halds an immense importance the judiciary after faith is counted as an important obligation amongst all other obligations and is eminent and virtous amongst all outs of worships. The virue of judiciary is mentioned at hundreds of places in the Quran and in the Ahadiths. The Progression of the system of judiciary has been hard from the begning of the prophet hood, during the Rashidun ealiphale and is promulgated till tody. Before the existence of Pakistan there were many states amongst which one was the state of Kalat. Where the Baloch Government was setup in 1530 Meer Ahmed Yar Khan was elected as the Khan of Kalat. Who at the very Beginning laid the foundation of the system of judiciary? The details about this would be discussed in the article ahead. The Government of Balochs was set up in Kalat the foundation of system of judiciary here was first of all laid by Mir Ahmed Yar Khan. First of all juges were appointed in every district.

Androgen Receptor Expression and Associated Clinico-Pathologic Features in Primary Breast Cancer from Kenya

Introduction: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases classified into various subtypes according to clinical, histological and molecular features as well as by the expression of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. New biomarkers are being studied which may be therapeutic targets in various breast cancer subtypes particularly triple-negative breast cancer. Recent studies show that androgen receptor (AR) expression can be used as a prognostic marker and there is evidence that anti-androgen therapy may be beneficial in oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Retrospective studies show that patients with breast cancers co-expressing androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor have a favourable prognosis and improved survival. On the other hand, oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancers which express the androgen receptor in the presence of the human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) over-expression are associated with an unfavourable prognosis. In addition there may be regional or even racial differences in the expression of the AR in breast cancer. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine AR expression in breast cancers from Kenya and secondarily, to determine the association of AR expression with prognostic and predictive clinico-pathologic factors. Materials and Methods: The study was nested within a larger study based at AKUHN which is exploring the prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer in Kenya. Tissue blocks from 222 breast cancer specimens collected prospectively from September 2012 to March 2014 within the larger study were analysed for the presence of the androgen receptor. Tumour blocks were stained for AR on automated IHC platform. Nuclear staining of >10% was used as the cut-off for a positive AR stain. Clinical pathological features, including the ER/PR/HER2 status, were captured from data recorded in the larger study. Results: Of the total 222 cases of breast cancer analyzed for the androgen receptor, 78.8% were found to be positive for AR expression (confidence interval 72.86 – 84.01). A third of the triple-negative breast cancer cases (33%) and 94% of HER2 subtype breast cancer cases were positive for androgen receptor expression. Androgen receptor expression was significantly associated with estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.000001) and Her2 subtype of breast cancer (p = 0.04). Androgen receptor expression followed the age distribution of the sample population and tended to be inversely related to tumour grade. However these findings were not statistically significant. No association was found between androgen receptor expression, tumour stage, lymph node status or specimen type. Conclusions: The androgen receptor is expressed in 79% of